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<article xml:lang="ko" article-type="review-article" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<?release-delay 0|0?>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">J Dent Rehabil Appl Sci</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J Dent Rehabil Appl Sci</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2384-4353</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2384-4272</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Korean Academy of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusion</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14368/jdras.2025.41.1.1</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jdras-41-1-1</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>생물학적, 기계적 관점에서 바라본 지대주에 의한 임플란트의 실패</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Implant failure caused by abutments from a biological and mechanical perspective</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3963-3553</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>이</surname><given-names>종민</given-names></name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jong-Min</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<degrees>대학원생</degrees>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7023-8796</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>박</surname><given-names>은비</given-names></name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Eun-Bi</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<degrees>대학원생</degrees>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9447-4490</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>함</surname><given-names>승윤</given-names></name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ham</surname><given-names>Seung-Yoon</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<degrees>대학원생</degrees>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6160-7277</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>신</surname><given-names>수연</given-names></name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Soo-Yeon</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<degrees>교수</degrees>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-9585</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>송</surname><given-names>영균</given-names></name>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Young-Gyun</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<degrees>부교수</degrees>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff"/>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff xml:lang="ko" id="aff1"><institution>단국대학교 치과대학 치과보철학교실</institution></aff>
<aff xml:lang="en">Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, <country>Republic of Korea</country></aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">
<label>*</label>교신저자: 송영균 (31116)충청남도 천안시 동남구 단대로 119 단국대학교 치과대학 치과보철학교실 Tel: 041-550-1932&#124;Fax: 041-553-1258&#124;E-mail: <email xlink:href="ygsong@dankook.ac.kr">ygsong@dankook.ac.kr</email> 
</corresp>
<corresp id="cor2">
<label>*</label>Correspondence to: Young-Gyun Song Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-41-550-1932, Fax: +82-41-553-1258, E-mail: <email xlink:href="ygsong@dankook.ac.kr">ygsong@dankook.ac.kr</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>28</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>24</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>15</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>26</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2025 Korean Academy of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusion</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>본 종설은 임플란트 지대주가 임플란트 치료의 성공과 실패에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 49개의 문헌 고찰을 통하여 내부연결형 구조와 외부연결형 구조, 내부 연결형 지대주의 하부 구조 및 지대주의 재료에 관하여 특성을 비교하며, 각 지대주의 장단점을 바탕으로 임상 상황에 적합한 선택 가이드를 제시하고자 한다. 특히, 임플란트의 장기적인 안정성과 성공률에 중요한 영향을 미치는 주변 골 소실 및 생체적합성의 생물학적인 관점과 하중 분산 및 파절의 기계적인 관점에 관하여 살펴보고자 한다.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<p>This review examines the influence of implant abutments on the success and failure of implant treatments. Through a review of 49 studies, it compares the characteristics of internal connection structures, external connection structures, substructures of internal connection abutments, and abutment materials, and present a selection guide suitable for the clinical situation based on the advantages and disadvantages of each abutment. In particular, we would like to look at the biological perspective of marginal bone loss and biocompatibility and the mechanical perspective of load distribution and fracture, which have a significant impact on the long-term stability and success rate of implants.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>지대주</kwd>
<kwd>지대주 실패</kwd>
<kwd>지대주 종류</kwd>
<kwd>지대주 하부구조</kwd>
<kwd>지대주 재료</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>abutment</kwd>
<kwd>abutment failure</kwd>
<kwd>abutment type</kwd>
<kwd>abutment substructure</kwd>
<kwd>abutment material</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서론</title>
<p>치과 임플란트는 부분 무치악 및 완전 무치악 환자에게 널리 사용되며, 높은 장기 생존율과 성공률을 보이는 치료법으로 알려져 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> 여러 장기 후향적 코호트 연구들은 임플란트 생존율에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인들에 대하여 조사하였다. 임플란트에서 합병증 발생률은 약 40%에 달하며, 여기에는 단기적인 문제부터 골소실, 임플란트주위염과 같은 생리적/생물학적 합병증, 지대주나 나사 파절과 같은 기계적 합병증, 도재 파절, 지르코니아 파절, 시멘트 용해로 인한 탈락과 같은 보철물 합병증, 교합 합병증 등 다양한 형태가 포함된다.<sup><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> 임플란트를 10년 이상 문제없이 사용하는 경우는 전체의 절반 이하에 불과하므로, 임플란트 치료에서의 합병증은 치과의사들이 피할 수 없는 중요한 문제로 인식된다.<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>기계적 합병증 중, 특히 소구치 및 대구치 부위의 단일치아 임플란트 수복 시, 지대주의 나사풀림이 가장 흔하게 발생하는 합병증으로 보고되며,<sup><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> 지대주 자체의 문제에 대한 연구는 지대주 나사풀림 등 같은 지대주와 관련된 문제에 대한 연구에 비해 적게 보고되고 있다.</p>
<p>지대주 관련 합병증은 크게 생물학적과 기계적 합병증으로 구분할 수 있다. 이를 예방하고 관리하기 위해서는 주기적인 임상 관찰이 필요하며, 합병증 발생 시 가능한 한 조기에 원인을 파악하고 적절한 대응을 하는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 합병증을 유발할 수 있는 위험 요인들을 사전에 인지하고 관리하는 것이 장기적인 임플란트 생존율 향상에 기여할 수 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>본 문헌고찰에서는 임플란트 보철치료와 관련된 합병증 중 지대주 자체에 의한 실패를 중심으로, 생물학적 및 기계적 관점에서의 원인과 해결 방안을 논의하며, 임플란트 치료의 성공적인 진행을 위한 고려사항을 제시하고자 한다.</p>
<p>Pubmed, Google scholar에서 1992년부터 2024년 8월까지 발간된 영어/한글 논문 중 &#8220;abutment&#8221;, &#8220;abutment biological&#8221;, &#8220;abutment design&#8221;, &#8220;abutment failure&#8221;, &#8220;abutment fracture&#8221;, &#8220;abutment material&#8221;, &#8220;abutment mechanical&#8221;, &#8220;abutment microgap&#8221;, &#8220;abutment misfit&#8221;, &#8220;abutment type&#8221;, &#8220;external abutment&#8221;, &#8220;implant abutment connection&#8221;, &#8220;internal abutment&#8221;, &#8220;titanium abutment&#8221;, &#8220;zirconia abutment&#8221; 키워드를 검색하여 총 126편의 논문을 찾았다. 이 중, 본 연구의 주제와 관련이 없는 임플란트 고정체, 나사를 다룬 논문은 제외되었으며, 최종적으로 지대주와 관련된 재료, 디자인, 기계적/생리적 특성, 미세 간극 등과 관련된 49편의 논문이 선정되었다(<xref rid="F1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="other">
<title>문헌고찰</title>
<p>매립형(bone level) 임플란트의 지대주는 연결 구조에 따라 외부 연결형(external connection) 구조와 내부 연결형(internal connection) 구조가 있다(<xref rid="F2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). 먼저 외부 연결형 구조는 브래네막 시스템에서 사용된 초기 방식으로, 회전 방지 기능을 제공하며 보철물의 적합성을 높이기 위해 개발되었다. 인상 채득 및 보철물 조정이 용이하다는 장점이 있으나 측방 하중에서 미세한 움직임과 미세 간격이 발생해 세균 침투 및 골 흡수를 유발할 수 있고 기능적 과부하 상태(예: 이갈이, 이악물기)에서는 사용을 피해야 한다는 단점이 있다. 이후 내부 연결형 구조는 외부 연결형의 단점을 개선하기 위해 개발되었고, 더 깊은 연결을 통해 하중을 균일하게 분산시켜 기계적 및 생물학적 안정성을 높였다. 여전히 미세 간격과 세균 침투가 발생할 수 있지만, 외부 연결형에 비해 그 정도가 적다고 보고하고 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>지대주 형태에 따라 서로 다른 응력 분산의 형태를 보인다. 외부 연결형은 수직 하중에서 고정체 말단 부위에서 하중이 증가하나 상부의 접촉부에 더욱 집중되고 수평하중에서는 상부 접촉부에 집중되는 양상을 보인다. 내부 연결형 구조 구조에서는 수직 하중과 수평 하중 모두에서 고정체 말단 부위에 집중되었다.<sup><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> 그 결과 지대주 파절은 외부 연결형보다 내부 연결형에서 주로 발생하였다. 12년간 임플란트 구성요소의 파절에 관한 연구에 따르면 내부 연결형의 지대주 파절이 전체 구성요소 중 가장 높은 파절 빈도를 나타내었다.<sup><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> 실제 내부 연결형 구조와 외부 연결형 하중 실험 결과에서도 내부 연결형 구조에서 지대주의 파절이 발생하였다.<sup><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Yang 등<sup><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>의 연구에서도 295명의 환자를 대상으로 945개의 임플란트를 1 - 9년간 경과관찰한 결과 내부 연결형에서 주로 지대주의 파절이 발생하였다. 지대주의 파절은 성별, 지대주 형태, 임플란트 직경, 보철물의 종류 등 다양한 영향을 받는다고 하였으며 특히 남성 단일 대구치 수복시에 주로 발생한다고 보고하였다. 지대주 파절이 발생한 환자의 증례에서도 내부 연결형에서 주로 발생하였다.<sup><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
<p>다만 지르코니아 지대주의 경우 기존 티타늄 지대주와 달리 외부 연결형에서 파절 발생 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 이는 응력의 분산이 잘 이루어지는 내부 연결형과 달리 외부 연결형은 지대주와 임플란트 접합부에 응력이 집중되었고 기존 티타늄 지대주만큼 강한 인장강도와 내구성을 갖추지 못한 지르코니아 지대주가 고정체 파절 이전에 먼저 손상된 것으로 보인다.<sup><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
<p>내부 연결형 지대주의 진화된 형태로 내부 원추형 지대주가 도입되었다(<xref rid="F3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>). Bozkaya와 M&#252;tf&#252;는 내부 원추형 지대주가 다른 내부 연결형 지대주에 비하여 생체역학적으로 우수하다고 하였다.<sup><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> 내부 원추형 지대주의 기계적 특성에 대한 영향이 많은 문헌에서 조사되었다.</p>
<p>미세 누출과 주변 골 소실에 대한 중요한 요소로 미세 간격을 고려할 수 있다. 미세 간격은 타액 등이 유입되는 통로이자 박테리아가 서식지가 될 수 있고, 군집화된 박테리아는 염증 세포를 통해 임플란트 주변 연조직과 경조직의 형성에 영향을 미친다.<sup><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>주변 골에 대한 영향으로 Macedo 등<sup><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>은 다른 내부 연결형 지대주에 비하여 내부 원추형 지대주가 미세 누출이 적고 안정성과 주변 골 소실에서 유리하다고 하였다.</p>
<p>미세 간격의 형성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 Saidin 등<sup><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>은 지대주 하부의 다각형 구조가 회전에 대한 저항을 하므로, 내부 육각형 지대주가 내부 원추형 지대주에 비하여 미세움직임이 적다고 하였다. 회전에 대한 안정성 측면에서 내부 육각형 지대주가 내부 원추형 지대주에 비하여 유리할 수 있는 반면, Trusta 등<sup><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>은 내부 원추형 지대주가 깊게 침하되어 있으므로 접촉 면적이 넓어 기계적 안정성이 높고 나사의 풀림이 적다고 하며, 내부 원추형 지대주의 압축력 또한 미세 간격을 최소화한다고 주장하였다(<xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>실제, 내부 육각형 지대주와 내부 원추형 지대주의 주변 골 소실에 대하여 3년간의 예후를 조사하는 연구에서 실제로 주변 골 소실에 대하여 내부 원추형 지대주가 우수한 결과를 보였다.<sup><xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> 미세 간격의 형성에 영향을 미치는 요소는 그 종류가 다양하고 내부 원추형 지대주가 미세 간격의 관점에서 더욱 좋은 예후를 보이나 그 선택은 신중하게 고려되어야 한다.</p>
<p>지대주의 디자인뿐만 아니라, 정확하지 못한 체결로 인하여 미세간극이 발생할 수 있다. Uribarri 등<sup><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>은 스캔과 밀링 과정에서의 오류가 적합성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 주장하였다. 일부 논문에서는 사용되는 재료에 대하여 연구하였다. 이중 중합형 레진 시멘트가 피막도가 높아 글라스 아이오노머 시멘트에 비하여 미세간극이 클 것으로 예상되었으나 용해도에 의해서 유의한 큰 차이는 없었고, 티타늄 지대주가 자체의 연성으로 인하여 지르코니아 지대주에 비하여 미세간극이 적었다.<sup><xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Ko 등<sup><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>은 호환이 되는 지대주를 사용하는 경우 적합도가 저하된다고 주장하며, 같은 제조시기의 같은 회사의 제품을 사용하는 것의 중요성을 강조하였다.</p>
<p>응력이 집중되는 부위에는 기계적인 실패가 일어날 수 있다. Saidin 등과 Pessoa 등은 내부 원추형 지대주의 응력 분산에 대해 조사하였다. 내부 원추형 지대주는 전반적인 응력의 분산에 유리하나 매식체와 접촉하는 부위에 응력이 집중된다고 하였다.<sup><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> 또한, Cho 등<sup><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>은 내부 연결형 지대주를 매식체에 두 접촉점을 가지는 double engagement 지대주와 상부에서 하나의 접촉점을 가지는 single engagement 지대주로 분류하여 비교하였다. Double engagement가 응력의 분산에 유리하나 하부의 접촉점에서 응력이 집중되는 양상을 보였다.</p>
<p>몇몇 문헌에서 실제로 실패 양상에 대하여 조사되었는데, Freitas-J&#250;nior 등<sup><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>은 내부 원추형 지대주의 파절은 지대주가 고정체와 접촉하는 부분에서 발생함을 주장하였고, 전부도재 crown system에 사용된 내부 원추형 지대주에서도 동일한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다.<sup><xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> 지대주와 고정체가 접촉하는 부위에 응력이 집중되는 것이 실제 파절의 결과를 통해서도 확인되었다. Bordin 등<sup><xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup>의 연구에서 내부 육각형 지대주는 지대주와 나사, 고정체에 모두 파절이 발생하였으나 내부 원추형 지대주는 고정체에서는 파절이 발생하지 않았다(<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). 파절이 발생한 후의 처치 관점에서, 내부 원추형 지대주는 다른 내부 연결형 지대주에 비하여 처치의 필요성이 보철적인 요소에 한정되므로 더욱 간단하여 좋은 선택이 될 수 있다.</p>
<p>사용되는 티타늄과 지르코니아 지대주 중 기계적인 성질 면에서는 티타늄 지대주가 더 우수하다고 평가되지만, 생물학적 측면에서는 지르코니아 지대주가 더 우수하다고 주장하는 연구들도 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr"/>-<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> 지르코니아 지대주는 표면이 매끈하여 세균 부착 및 염증 반응이 적고, 생체적합성이 우수하다. 거친 표면은 매끈한 표면에 비해 세균 증식 및 생물막(biofilm) 형성을 촉진시킬 수 있는데,<sup><xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> 상대적으로 거친 티타늄 지대주는 치태 축적이 많아 연조직에 미세한 염증을 유발할 가능성이 있으며,<sup><xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> 염증성 사이토카인(예: IL-1&#946;, TNF-&#945;) 수치가 증가하여 염증 반응을 촉진하고, 골손실의 위험을 높일 수 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup></p>
<p>생물학적 측면과는 다르게 기계적 성질 면에서 티타늄 지대주는 뛰어난 내구성을 지니며, 가장 우수한 기준(gold standard)으로 간주된다.<sup><xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> 그러나 티타늄의 어두운 색상은 주변에 영향을 미쳐 심미적으로 만족스럽지 않을 수 있다.<sup><xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 고강도의 전부 도재 지대주인 지르코니아 지대주가 개발되었다.<sup><xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup></p>
<p>지르코니아 지대주는 티타늄 지대주보다 우수한 심미성 및 생체적합성을 제공하며, 뛰어난 내구성을 지닌다고 평가하는 논문도 있지만,<sup><xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup> 많은 연구에서 지르코니아 지대주보다 티타늄 지대주가 굽힘강도(bending moment) 및 피로강도(fatigue strength) 실험에서 더 우수한 결과를 보였다고 언급하고 있다.</p>
<p>Alsahhaf 등<sup><xref rid="ref43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup>의 연구에서 CAD/CAM으로 제작된 전부 지르코니아 지대주, 티타늄 지대주, 티타늄 베이스에 접착제로 결합된 지르코니아 지대주, 사전 제작된 전부 지르코니아 지대주, 티타늄 베이스에 유리접합(glass soldering)된 지르코니아 지대주를 사용하여 부하 검사(loading test)를 진행한 결과, 티타늄 지대주가 높은 굽힘강도와 파절 저항성을 보였으며, 지르코니아 지대주보다 우수한 성능을 나타냈다.</p>
<p>Truninger 등<sup><xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup>의 연구에서도 지르코니아 지대주가 티타늄 지대주보다 굽힘강도가 약하다고 언급하였는데(<xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>), 이는 기계적 스트레스와 습기 노출로 인하여 저온열화현상<sup><xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup> 및 지르코니아의 구조적 약화로 이어지기 때문이다.<sup><xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup></p>
<p>또한 티타늄 베이스에 접착제로 결합된 지르코니아 지대주나 티타늄 베이스에 유리접합된 지르코니아 지대주와 같은 two-piece 지르코니아 지대주는 one-piece 지르코니아 지대주보다 높은 굽힘강도 및 파절 저항성을 보였다.<sup><xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="ref48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup></p>
<p>재료에 따라 파절 양상 또한 달라지는데, 지르코니아 지대주는 취성(brittle) 특성으로 인해 지대주 자체가 깨지는 형태의 파절이 발생하는 반면, 티타늄 지대주는 연성(ductile) 특성으로 인해 나사의 균열과 변형에 의한 파절이 발생한다.<sup><xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></sup> 이러한 차이는 각 재료의 물리적 성질에 기인한 결과이다. 티타늄 지대주는 높은 연성과 강도로 인하여 변형이 발생하면서도 구조적으로 견딜 수 있는 반면, 지르코니아 지대주는 취성으로 인하여 파괴에 더 취약하다.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusion">
<title>결론</title>
<p>지대주의 선택에 있어 여러가지 요소를 고려하여 상황에 맞는 적절한 지대주를 선택하는 것이 중요하다.</p>
<p>생물학적인 관점에서 외부 연결형 지대주는 측방력에 의해 미세움직임을 유발하고 미세 간격을 형성한다. 외부 연결형 지대주와 달리 내부 연결형 지대주는 미세누출이 적고 하중 분산에 유리하여 골에 대하여 높은 안정성을 보이므로 더욱 유리한 선택이 될 수 있다. 내부 연결형 지대주 중에서도 하부에 다각형 구조를 가지지 않는 내부 원추형 지대주는 기계적 안정성을 바탕으로 주변 골 흡수에 대하여 더욱 안정성을 보인다. 또한, 표면적인 특성으로 인하여 지르코니아 지대주의 경우 티타늄 지대주에 비하여 높은 생체적합성을 보인다. 이러한 생물학적인 예후의 안정성을 위하여 오체결의 방지가 추가적으로 고려되어야 한다. 적절한 스캔과 적절한 구성요소의 사용으로 오차를 줄이는 것이 필요하다.</p>
<p>기계적인 관점에서 내부 연결형 지대주에서 외부 연결형 지대주에 비하여 다수의 지대주 파절이 발생하였다. 지대주의 기계적 실패로 인한 임플란트의 실패를 고려한다면 외부 연결형 지대주가 더욱 우수한 선택이 될 수 있다. 내부 연결형 지대주는 하부 구조 형태에 따라 두 가지 요소에서 고려될 수 있다. 내부 원추형 지대주는 파절이 매식체에서 일어나지 않아 내부 육각형 지대주에 비하여 사후의 처치가 유리할 수 있다. 또한, 지대주와 매식체의 접촉점의 수에 따라 두 점에서 접촉하는 double engagement 지대주가 응력의 분산에 유리하나 하부의 접촉점에 응력이 집중되어 생기는 문제를 경계해야 한다. 지대주에 재료에 있어서 티타늄 지대주가 지르코니아 지대주에 비하여 강도가 높아 파절에 대하여 우수한 모습을 보여 높은 하중이 가해지는 구치부와 같은 상황에서 우선적으로 고려될 수 있다(<xref rid="T4" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Figures and Tables</title>
<fig id="F1" position="float">
<label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Flow chart of article selection process.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jdras-41-1-1-f1.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" position="float">
<label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption>
<p>(A) External hex abutment, (B) Internal hex abutment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jdras-41-1-1-f2.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F3" position="float">
<label>Fig. 3</label>
<caption>
<p>(A) Internal hexagonal abutment, (B) Internal conical abutment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jdras-41-1-1-f3.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Analysis of microgap causing factors according to the substructure of internal abutment</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Authors</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Title</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Year of publication</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Summary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Saidin S, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Effects of different implant-abutment connections on micromotion and stress distribution: prediction of microgap formation</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2012</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Evaluation of micromovements based on rotational resistance<break/>
- Internal hexagonal abutment has less micromovements than the internal conical abutment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Tsuruta K, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">The influence of implant-abutment connection on the screw loosening and microleakage</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2018</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Characteristics of internal conical abutment<break/>
- Excellent mechanical stability with a large contact area (Less screw loosening)<break/>
- Compressive fit</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Fracture pattern analysis based on abutment substrcture</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Authors</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Title</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Year of publication</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Summary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Freitas-J&#250;nior AC, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Reliability and failure modes of internal conical dental implant connections</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2013</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Fracture pattern analysis of internal conical abutments<break/>
- Fracture occurs at the interface between the abutment and the implant fixture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Delben JA, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Influence of abutment-to-fixture design on reliability and failure mode of all-ceramic crown systems</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2014</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Fracture pattern analysis of internal conical abutments in all-ceramic crown systems<break/>
- Fracture occurs at the interface between the abutment and the implant fixture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Bordin D, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Fatigue Failure of Narrow Implants with Different Implant-Abutment Connection Designs</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2018</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Fracture pattern analysis of internal hexagonal and internal conical abutments<break/>
- Internal hexagonal abutments : fractures occur in the abutment, screw, and implant fixture<break/>
- Internal conical abutments : no fracture occur in the implant fixture</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Comparison between zirconia and titanium abutments</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Authors</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Title</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Year of publication</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Summary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Glauser R, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Experimental zirconia abutments for implant-supported single-tooth restorations in esthetically demanding regions: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2004</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Long-term stability and biocompatibility of zirconia abutments in the anterior esthetic region<break/>
- Aesthetic excellence and stability<break/>
- Exceptional biocompatibility</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Alsahhaf A, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Fracture resistance of zirconia-based implant abutments after artificial longterm aging</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2017</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Comparison of fracture resistance between zirconia and titanium abutments<break/>
- Titanium abutments generally exhibit superior flexural strength and fracture resistance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Truninger TC, et al.<sup><xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Bending moments of zirconia and titanium abutments with internal and external implant-abutment connections after aging and chewing simulation</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2012</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Comparison of bending moments between zirconia and titanium abutments across different connection types <break/>
- Titanium abutments demonstrate greater flexural strength</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T4" position="float">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<p>A selection guide suitable for the clinical situation based on the advantages of each abutments</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Characteristics</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Biological</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Mechanical</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Implant-abutment connection system</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Internal connection<break/>
- Low microleakage<break/>
- High load distribution<break/>
- High bone stability</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">External connection<break/>
- Low abutment fracture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Abutment substructure</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Internal conical<break/>
- Mechanical stability<break/>
- Low marginal bone loss</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Internal conical<break/>
- No fixture fracture<break/>
Double engagement<break/>
- High load distribution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Abutment ingredients</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Zirconia<break/>
- Better surface properties<break/>
- High Biocompatibility</td>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Titanium<break/>
- High strength</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back>
</article>