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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">LMQA</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Laboratory Medicine and Quality Assurance</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J Lab Med Qual Assur</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2384-2458</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2288-7261</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15263/jlmqa.2022.44.1.36</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">lmqa-44-1-36</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluation of the Reliability of Automated Colistin Susceptibility Assays of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-0126</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Young Ah</given-names></name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-396X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Junglim</given-names></name>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-7672</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Son</surname><given-names>Young Jun</given-names></name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-3549</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Sang Sun</given-names></name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Young Ah Kim, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10444, Korea, Tel +82-31-900-0908, E-mail <email xlink:href="yakim@nhimc.or.kr">yakim@nhimc.or.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>31</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>44</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>36</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>6</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>25</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2022 Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<sec sec-type="background">
<title>Background</title>
<p>With the increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative rods, colistin treatment is increasingly required. Reliable susceptibility testing is important for managing infectious patients with MDR <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. This study evaluated the reliability of an automated colistin susceptibility assay.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<p>In total, 195 non-duplicated <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> blood isolates were collected from nine sentinel hospitals in Korea in 2020. Colistin susceptibility with Sensititre KNIHCOL Trek diagnostic system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, England), a commercial broth microdilution (BMD), was compared with that of the gram-negative MIC panel type 44 card (Beckman Coulter, USA). Isolates with discrepant results were reconfirmed using AST-N225 (bioM&#233;rieux SA, France).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>Categorical agreement was 92.8%, and nine colistin-resistant isolates with BMD were colistin-intermediate with two automated colistin susceptibility assays.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The failure to detect colistin-resistant <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> could not be safely excluded with an automated colistin susceptibility assay.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Colistin</kwd>
<kwd>Automated susceptibility assay</kwd>
<kwd>Broth microdilution</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서론</title>
<p><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>는 임상에서 흔히 분리되는 포도당 비발효 그람음성 막대균으로 눈과 화상창의 감염, cystic fibrosis 환자의 폐렴, 골수염, 외이염 등을 일으킨다[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>는 다제내성균인 경우가 흔하며, 여기에는 &#946;-lactamase 생성, 유출펌프의 발현 및 내막단백질의 소실 등의 내성 기전들이 관여하고 있다[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p>
<p>Colistin 감수성 시험법으로는 디스크확산법(disk diffusion, DD), 한천희석법(colistin agar test, CAT), 액체배지 디스크 추출법(colistin broth disk elution, CBDE), 액체배지 미량희석법(broth microdilution, BMD), gradient diffusion (Etest) 및 자동화 장비를 이용하는 다양한 방법들이 개발되어 있다[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)에서는 colistin의 감수성 시험법으로 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.에서는 BMD만 승인하고 있고, Enterobacterales와 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>에서는 BMD, CAT, 및 CBDE를 승인하고 DD와 Etest는 사용하지 않도록 권고하고 있다[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p>
<p>국가항균제 내성균 조사 연구인 Korea Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (KorGLASS) 자료에 의하면, 2017년에는 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>의 colistin 내성 균주는 없었지만[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>], 2020년 분리된 총 212주의 혈액 분리 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> colistin 내성률이 14.6%로 크게 증가하였다(미발표 자료).</p>
<p>국내에서 carbapenem과 colistin에 대한 내성 균주가 확산되는 상황에서 carbapenem에 내성을 보이는 균주에서 매우 중요한 치료약제인 colistin에 대한 신뢰성 있는 감수성 시험법이 매우 중요하다. 국민건강보험 일산병원에서는 항균제 감수성 시험을 위해 MicroScan WalkAway 96 Plus system (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA)를 이용하고 있으며(MicroScan), 제조사의 지침에 따라 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.에서는 감수성 검사의 신뢰도 문제로 colistin 결과는 보고하고 있지 않고, <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>에서만 보고하고 있다.</p>
<p>본 연구에서는 자동화 colistin 감수성 검사법의 신뢰성을 평가하기 위하여, 전국적으로 수집된 colistin 내성을 다수 포함한 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 균주의 자동화 검사법 결과를 CLSI에서 권고하고 있는 BMD의 결과와 비교해 보고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
<title>재료 및 방법</title>
<p>KorGLASS 연구를 통해 전국 9개 종합병원에서 2020년 3월부터 12월까지 수집된 총 195주의 혈액배양 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 균주를 대상으로 하였다. 실험 전까지 순배양 집락을 10% skim milk 배지에 분주하여 &#8211;70&#8451; 냉동고에 보관하였다. Colistin 감수성 시험을 위해 BMD법은 상품화된 Sensititre KNIHCOL Trek diagnostic system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, East Grinstead, England) 시약을 이용하여 제조사의 지시대로 시험하였다. 자동화 검사법은 Gram negative MIC panel type 44 (Beckman Coulter) 카드를 사용하여 MicroScan WalkAway 96 Plus system (Beckman Coulter)으로 시험하였고, 불일치 결과를 보이는 균주는 AST-N225 (bioM&#233;rieux SA, Marcy-l&#39;&#201;toile, France) 카드와 Vitek-2 (bioM&#233;rieux SA) 장비로 추가로 확인하였다. 결과 판정은 CLSI 가이드라인에 따라 감수성 기준은 없이 최소억제농도(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC) 2 &#956;g/mL 이하인 경우 중간내성(intermediate, I)으로 4 &#956;g/mL 이상인 경우 내성(resistant, R)으로 하였다[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p>
<p>두 방법 간의 일치도는 범주형 일치율(categorical agreement, CA)과 IBM SPSS statistics ver. 23.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)로 Cohen&#8217;s kappa 계수를 구하여 비교하였다. Cohen&#8217;s kappa 계수의 판정기준은 &#60;0.000(일치하지 않음), 0.000&#8211;0.100(거의 없는 일치도), 0.101&#8211;0.200(약간의 일치도), 0.201&#8211;0.400(어느 정도 일치도), 0.401&#8211;0.600(적당한 일치도), 0.601&#8211;0.800(상당한 일치도), 및 0.801&#8211;1.000(완벽한 일치도)로 하였다.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>결과</title>
<p>전체 195주를 비교하였을 때 표준방법인 BMD (Sensititre)과 MicroScan 자동화 장비의 CA는 92.8%였고, kappa 계수는 0.668 (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.001)로 상당한 일치도를 보였다(<xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). 총 불일치 결과를 보인 14주는 BMD에서 MIC 2 &#956;g/mL로 I를 보인 5주는 MicroScan으로는 모두 MIC &#8805;4 &#956;g/mL의 R이었고, Vitek-2으로는 모두 MIC &#8804;0.5 &#956;g/mL로 I였다(<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). BMD으로 MIC 4 &#956;g/mL로 R인 9주는 MicroScan (MIC &#8804;2 &#956;g/mL)과 Vitek-2 (MIC &#8804;0.5 &#956;g/mL) 모두에서 I의 결과를 얻었다(<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). 불일치 결과를 보인 14주의 BMD과 MicroScan의 Cohen&#8217;s kappa 계수는 &#8211;0.849였고, Vitek-2의 경우 모두 I를 보여 분석할 수 없었다.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>고찰</title>
<p>Colistin은 그람 음성 세균에 작용하는 polymyxin 계열의 항생제로, 중대한 신독성으로 사용이 중지되었다가[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>], 전 세계적인 카바페넴 내성 Enterobacterales, <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 및 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.의 분리가 증가로 다시 사용되고 있다[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. 최근에는 colistin에 대한 내성도 증가하고 있는데, 세균 유전자에 위치하는 <italic>PmrABC</italic> 유전자 돌연변이를 통한 세균 lipopolysaccharide의 변형이 가장 흔한 내성기전이며[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>], 최근에는 plasmid에 <italic>mcr</italic> 유전자를 가지는 세균의 확산도 보고되고 있다[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. 국내에서도 이제는 colistin 내성 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>가 드물지 않으며, 해외에서 이미 <italic>mcr</italic>을 plasmid에 보유한 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>가 보고되어 있어[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>], 국내의 colistin 내성 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>도 mobile genetic element를 매개로 확산될 가능성이 높다.</p>
<p>1976년 CLSI에서 colistin DD의 판정기준(breakpoint)를 모든 그람 음성세균을 대상으로 설정하였다가 약제부작용과 부적절한 결과를 이유로 삭제하였다[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing에서는 2010년도에 Enterobacterales, <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 및 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.의 판정기준을 설정하였지만[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>], CLSI에서는 2020년에 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>와 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.에 대해서만 BMD, CAT, 및 CBDE에 적용할 수 있는 판정기준을 발표하였다[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p>
<p><italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.에 대해서는 colistin 자동화 검사법의 평가가 다수 보고되어 있으며[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>], 국내 한 보고에서 <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> 94주를 포함한 총 213주의 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp. 혈액분리주를 대상으로 CAT와 자동화 장비법을 비교한 결과 Vitek-2 (bioM&#233;rieux SA)는 categorical agreement 99.1%, very major error 0.9%, 및 major error 0%로 잘 일치하였으나, MicroScan (Beckman Coulter)의 경우 categorical agreement 87.3%, very major error 0.9%, 및 major error 11.7%를 보였다고 한다[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. 하지만 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> 경우 colistin 자동화 검사법의 평가가 거의 없으며, 한 해외 보고에서 Phoenix BD (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA)의 colistin 감수성 결과와 두 종의 BMD을 비교한 결과 MICRONAUNT MIC-strip (MERLIN Diagnostika GmbH, Bornheim, Germany)에서는 일치하였지만, SeniTest Colistin (Liofilchem, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy)에서는 한 균주가 불일치 결과를 보였다[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. 하지만 평가에 colistin 내성 균주 수가 충분하지 않아, 평가결과를 신뢰하기 어렵다.</p>
<p>Vitek-2에서는 균종별로 보고하지 않아야 할 항균제를 설정하고 있지 않다. MicroScan (Beckman Coulter)에서는 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>에서는 다제내성 균주의 중요 치료약물인 tigecycline 결과를 보고하지 않도록 하고 있으므로, colistin 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하는 것이 더욱 중요하겠다. 본 연구에서는 전국적으로 수집된 총 195주의 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>를 대상으로 하였고, 이 중 BMD으로 내성이 확인된 26주가 포함되어 있어, 대표성 있고 신뢰성 있는 평가가 가능하다. 하지만 CLSI에서는 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>과 <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp.에 대한 colistin과 polymyxin의 판정기준을 적절한 치료 용량으로 도달할 수 있는 혈중 농도를 감안하여 감수성 카테고리 없이 &#8804;2 &#956;g/mL를 I로 보고하도록 설정하고 있어[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>], very major error와 major error를 적용하여 분석할 수는 없었다.</p>
<p>본 연구에서 표준방법인 BMD (Sensititre)와 MicroScan 자동화 장비의 CA는 92.8%였고, kappa 계수는 0.668 (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.001)로 상당한 일치도를 보여 자동화 장비를 이용한 colistin 감수성 시험을 비교적 신뢰할 수 있었다. 하지만 BMD로 R인 9주를 두 종의 자동화 장비 모두 검출하지 못하여, 자동화 colistin 감수성 검사법으로는 colistin 내성 <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>를 누락할 가능성을 완전히 배제할 수 없었다.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>감사의 글</title>
<p>이 연구는 대한임상정도관리협회의 학술연구과제 연구비 지원으로 수행되었다(과제번호: 2021-16). 통계처리를 도와 주신 국민건강보험 일산병원 연구소 연구분석팀 윤소라, KorGLASS 참여연구자 김영리(제주대학교병원 진단검사의학과), 김현수(한림대학교병원 진단검사의학과), 류남희(계명대학교병원 진단검사의학과), 신경섭(충북대학교병원 진단검사의학과), 신정환(인제대학교 부산백병원 진단검사의학과), 신종희(전남대학교병원 진단검사의학과), 어영(연세대학교 원주의과대학 진단검사의학과), 및 정석훈(연세대학교 의과대학 진단검사의학과)께 감사드린다(존칭 생략, 가나다 순).</p>
</ack>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
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<sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Tables</title>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>The concordance rate of colistin susceptibility test of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic>isolates</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="all">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">Sensititre</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">MicroScan</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">Total</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><hr/></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Intermediate</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Resistant</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">Intermediate</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">164</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">169</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">Resistant</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">17</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">Total</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">173</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">22</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">195</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t1fn1"><p>Categorical agreement (%)=(164+17)&#215;100/195=92.8%. Cohen&#8217;s kappa coefficient=0.668 (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.001).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> isolates with results of discrepant colistin susceptibility in two methods</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="all">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">No.</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Sensititre<xref rid="t2fn2" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"/>
<th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">MicroScan<xref rid="t2fn2" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th>
<th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3"/>
<th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Vitek-2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><hr/></th>
<th colspan="2"><hr/></th>
<th colspan="2"><hr/></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="center">MIC (&#956;g/mL)</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">R/I/S</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">MIC (&#956;g/mL)</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">R/I/S</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">MIC (&#956;g/mL)</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">R/I/S</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">D13</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#62;4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">F1</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">F5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">H7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">H11</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#62;4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">A20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">B9</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">B19</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">D7</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">D10</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">E6</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">E22</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">F18</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="padding-left:10px; text-indent:-10px;">I20</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">R</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;2</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
<td/>
<td valign="top" align="center">&#8804;0.5</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">I</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t2fn1"><p>Abbreviations: MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; R, resistant; I, intermediate; S, susceptibility.</p></fn>
<fn id="t2fn2"><p>*Cohen&#8217;s kappa coefficient (susceptibility category of Sensititre and MicroScan)=&#8211;0.849 (<italic>P</italic>&#60;0.001).</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back>
</article>