JKAOH Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health J Korean Acad Oral Health 1225-388X 2093-7784 Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health 10.11149/jkaoh.2020.44.1.41 jkaoh-44-41 Original Article Oral health condition according to distribution of periodontopathic bacterial complex KimJi-Hye1† LeeDong-Ik1† ImSang-Uk1 JeonEun-Suk2 SongKeun-Bae1 ChoiYoun-Hee1 Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Department of Dental Hygiene, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Ulsan, Korea Corresponding Author: Youn-Hee Choi Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Korea Tel: +82-53-660-6875 Fax: +82-53-423-2947 E-mail: cyh1001@knu.ac.kr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-8097

These authors contributed equally to this work.

 032020 15032020 441 4147 04012020 21022020 25022020 Copyright © 2020 by Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health 2020 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the distribution of periodontopathic bacteria and oral conditions.

 Methods

Stimulated saliva was collected from 162 adults aged 60 years and above. The prevalence and amount of periodontopathic bacteria in the saliva were analyzed using real-time PCR. Pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were examined to evaluate the oral conditions of the subjects. Patients who had at least one tooth surface involved, with a pocket depth ≥4 mm or clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm were classified as having periodontal disease.

 Results

The detection rates of most bacteria in the orange and green complexes were more than 90%, while those of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia in the red complex were 58.6% and 61.7%, respectively. The number of bacteria in the red complex positively correlated with each other. There were no significant differences in the number of types of red complex bacteria in the saliva and the distribution of residual number of teeth and periodontal disease (P>0.05). On the other hand, the number of remaining teeth in subjects with higher bacterial density were more than those with lesser bacterial density. In addition, the occurrence of dental disease differed significantly depending on the number of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia.

 Conclusions

The relative amount of periodontopathic bacteria is important in the occurrence of periodontal disease, and the number of these bacteria positively correlated with each other.

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Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in study participants by multiplex real-time PCR.

Correlation of red complex bacteria. *P-value was analyzed by Pearson's correlation.

General characteristics of the study participants

Variables N (%)
Total 162 (100)
Age
＜80 90 (55.2)
≥80 72 (44.8)
Gender
Male 53 (32.7)
Female 109 (67.3)
Living arragement
Alone 40 (24.7)
With spouse 103 (63.6)
With family 19 (11.7)
Visiting dental clinic during past 1 year
No 101 (62.3)
Yes 61 (37.7)
Usage of denture
No 88 (54.3)
Yes 74 (45.7)
Number of remaining teeth
0 15 (9.3)
1-10 30 (18.5)
11-20 37 (22.8)
≥21 80 (49.4)

Amount of periodontopathic bacteria in study participants by multiplex real-time PCR (Mean±S.D.)

Average Ct value Average copy number
Red Complex
P. gingivalis 17.88±15.34 3.8×105±1.1×106
T. forsythia 20.07±16.02 4.4×104±1.0×105
T. denticola 30.55±9.04 7.1×104±2.7×105
Orange Complex
P. intermedia 27.21±4.61 2.1×106±6.0×106
F. nucleatum 25.38±2.28 9.7×105±2.3×106
P. micra 27.62±6.40 2.2×104±3.7×104
C. rectus 31.73±3.62 5.2×104±1.9×105
P. nigrescens 24.79±12.01 3.8×104±1.4×105
E. nodatum 21.09±11.73 3.5×104±6.6×104
Green Complex
E. corrodens 27.70±7.16 1.7×105±3.1×105
Etc.
A. actinomycetemcomitans 27.07±13.73 6.7×103±2.7×104
Total 19.64±1.97 2.5×108±2.2×108

Oral health status according to red complex bacteria species

The number of strains N (%) Number of remaining teeth Periodontitis
No Yes
0 7 (4.3) 14.29±7.59 1 (3.2) 6 (5.3)
1 42 (25.9) 15.21±10.77 8 (25.8) 27 (23.7)
2 36 (22.2) 18.67±10.97 8 (25.8) 23 (20.2)
3 77 (47.5) 19.08±8.47 14 (45.2) 58 (50.9)
Total 162 (100) 17.78±9.74 31 (100) 114 (100)
P-value 0.139* 0.855†

*P-value was analyzed by one-way ANOVA.

P-value was analyzed by Chi-squared test.

Oral health status according to the number of red complex bacteria

Division The number of bacteria N (%) The number of remaining teeth Periodontitis‡
No Yes
P. gingivalis
<3.8×105 133 (82.1) 16.91±10.13 29 (93.5) 88 (77.2)
≥3.8×105 29 (17.9) 21.76±6.50 2 (6.5) 26 (22.8)
P-value 0.002* 0.041†
T. forsythia
<4.4×104 126 (77.8) 16.67±10.18 28 (19.3) 82 (71.9)
≥4.4×104 36 (22.2) 21.64±6.84 3 (9.7) 32 (28.1)
P-value 0.001* 0.034†
T. denticola
<7.1×104 134 (82.7) 17.10±10.07 27 (87.1) 91 (79.8)
≥7.1×104 28 (17.3) 21.00±7.32 4 (12.9) 23 (20.2)
P-value 0.021* 0.356†

*P-value was analyzed by independent t-test.

P-value was analyzed by Chi-squared test.

Edentulous subjects were excluded from the analysis.