JKAN Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing J Korean Acad Nurs 2005-3673 2093-758X Korean Society of Nursing Science 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.449 jkan-49-449 Original Article Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children MoonSo-Hyun1 KimMiok2 NaHyeun3 Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Dankook University, Cheonan Department of Pediatrics, Mokpo Miz-I Hospital, Mokpo, Korea Address reprint requests to : Kim, Miok Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Choenan 31116, Korea Tel: +82-41-550-3888 Fax: +82-41-559-7902 E-mail: aprilsea@dankook.ac.kr 012019 15012019 494 449460 310120192805201928052019 Copyright © 2019 Korean Society of Nursing Science 2019 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium. Abstract Purpose

This study aims to provide base data for designing education and counseling programs for child-raising by identifying the types, characteristics and predictors of parenting behaviors of married immigrant women.

 Methods

We used a self-report questionnaire to survey 126 immigrant mothers of young children, who agreed to participate, and who could speak Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, or English, at two children's hospitals and two multicultural support centers. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Schéffe's test, and multinominal logistic regression.

 Results

We identified three clusters of parenting behaviors: ‘affectionate acceptance group’ (38.9%), ‘active engaging group’ (26.2%), and ‘passive parenting group’ (34.9%). Passive parenting and affectionate acceptance groups were distinguished by the conversation time between couples (p=.028, OR=5.52), ideology of motherhood (p=.032, OR=4.33), and parenting stress between parent and child (p=.049, OR=0.22). Passive parenting was distinguished from active engaging group by support from spouses for participating in multicultural support centers or relevant programs (p=.011, OR=2.37), and ideology of motherhood (p=.001, OR=16.65). Ideology of motherhood was also the distinguishing factor between affectionate acceptance and active engaging groups (p=.041, OR=3.85).

 Conclusion

Since immigrant women's parenting type depends on their ideology of motherhood, parenting stress, and spousal relationships in terms of communication and support to help their child-raising and socio-cultural adaptation, it is necessary to provide them with systematic education and support, as well as interventions across personal, family, and community levels.

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General Characteristics and Variables of the Participants (N=126)

Variables Category n (%) M±SD Range
Age (yr) Participant 28.62±3.87 22~43
Spouse 43.87±5.34 26~56
Nationality Vietnam 91 (72.2)
Philippines 19 (15.1)
China 12 (9.5)
Cambodia 3 (2.4)
Indonesia 1 (0.8)
Residence period (year) <1 2 (1.6)
1~<3 24 (19.0)
3~<5 35 (27.8)
5~<6 23 (18.3)
≥6 42 (33.3)
Education level (self) Elementary school 8 (6.3)
Middle school 49 (38.9)
High school 46 (36.5)
≥College 23 (18.3)
Education level (spouse) Elementary school 4 (3.1)
Middle school 18 (14.3)
High school 67 (53.2)
≥College 37 (29.4)
Occupation (self) Employed 37 (29.4)
Income (10,000 KRW/month) Unemployed 89 (70.6)
<150 16 (12.7)
150~<200 23 (18.2)
≥200 54 (42.9)
Unknown 33 (26.2)
Spouse relations hip Satisfied 73 (58.0)
Moderate 42 (33.3)
Unsatisfied 11 (8.7)
Conversation time with spouse (hr) <30 min 26 (20.6)
30 min~<1 35 (27.8)
1~<2 26 (20.6)
≥2 39 (31.0)
Spousal support Participation in the center operation program 3.99±1.10 1~5
Exchange with Koreans 4.13±0.94 1~5
Participation in migrant meetings 3.98±1.11 1~5
Multicultural acceptibility Agree 42 (33.3)
Disagree 84 (66.7)
Child temperament Easy 48 (38.1)
Moderate 73 (57.9)
Difficult 5 (4.0)
Child health Good 61 (48.4)
Moderate 57 (45.2)
Poor 8 (6.4)
Age of child (month) >12~24 24 (19.1)
>24~36 46 (36.5)
>36~48 56 (44.4)
Parenting behavior 3.20±0.27 2.54~4.04
   Affectionate factor 4.27±0.46 3.00~5.00
   Laissez-faire factor 1.54±0.52 1.00~3.43
   Educational factor 4.04±0.58 1.80~5.00
   Impulsive factor 2.38±0.55 1.00~4.50
Motherhood ideology 3.34±0.42 2.50~4.40
Parenting stress 2.08±0.45 1.00~3.69
   Parental distress 2.36±0.59 1.00~3.92
   Parent–child dysfunctional interaction 1.63±0.48 1.00~3.75
   Difficult child 2.26±0.68 1.00~3.82

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation.

Means and Standard Deviation of Three Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)

Type n (%) Affectionate factor Laissez-faire factor Educational factor Impulsive factor
M±SD F (p) Schéffe M±SD F (p) Schéffe M±SD F (p) Schéffe M±SD F (p) Schéffe
Cluster1a 49 (38.9) 4.36±0.42 40.20 b>a>c 1.20±0.28 47.75 c>b>a 3.99±0.42 53.56 b>a>c 1.94±0.40 42.49 b, c>a
(<.001) (<.001) (<.001) (<.001)
Cluster2b 33 (26.2) 4.63±0.29 1.48±0.51 4.65±0.33 2.65±0.51
Cluster3c 44 (34.9) 3.91±0.34 1.96±0.44 3.63±0.50 2.65±0.37

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation.

Differences in Variables by Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)

Variables Category Cluster I† n (%) or M±SD n Cluster II†† n (%) or M±SD Cluster III§ n (%) or M±SD D χ2 or F (p) Schéffe (Cluster)
Nationality Vietnam 38 (77.6) 25 (75.7) 28 (63.6) 7.33 (.557)
Philippines 6 (12.3) 6 (18.2) 7 (15.9)
China 3 (6.1) 2 (6.1) 7 (15.9)
Cambodia 1 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (4.6)
Indonesia 1 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Residence period (yr) <1 0 (0.0) 1 (3.0) 1 (2.3) 6.75 (.534)
1~<3 13 (26.5) 5 (15.3) 6 (13.6)
3~<5 12 (24.5) 11 (33.3) 12 (27.3)
5~<6 8 (16.3) 8 (24.2) 7 (15.9)
≥6 16 (32.7) 8 (24.2) 18 (40.9)
Education level (self) Elementary school 4 (8.1) 1 (3.0) 3 (6.8) 3.92 (.713)
Middle school 17 (34.7) 12 (36.4) 20 (45.5)
High school 21 (42.9) 12 (36.4) 13 (29.5)
College or higher 7 (14.3) 8 (24.2) 8 (18.2)
Education level (spouse) Elementary school 1 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (6.8) 8.25 (.255)
Middle school 5 (10.2) 7 (21.2) 6 (13.6)
High school 31 (63.3) 18 (54.6) 18 (40.9)
College or higher 12 (24.5) 8 (24.2) 17 (38.7)
Occupation (self) Employed 18 (36.7) 5 (15.2) 14 (31.8) 4.62 (.096)
Unemployed 31 (63.3) 28 (84.8) 30 (68.2)
Income (10,000 KRW/month) <150 7 (14.3) 3 (9.1) 6 (13.7) 7.02 (.309)
150~<200 6 (12.2) 7 (21.2) 10 (22.7)
≥200 27 (55.1) 13 (39.4) 14 (31.8)
Unknown 9 (18.4) 10 (30.3) 14 (31.8)
Spouse relationship Satisfied 32 (65.3) 17 (51.5) 24 (54.6) 2.89 (.564)
Moderate 15 (30.6) 13 (39.4) 14 (31.8)
Unsatisfied 2 (4.1) 3 (9.1) 6 (13.6)
Conversation time with spouse (hour) <30 min 5 (10.2) 6 (18.2) 15 (34.1) 13.00 (.047)
30 min~<1 16 (32.7) 7 (21.2) 12 (27.3)
1~<2 13 (26.5) 5 (15.1) 8 (18.1)
≥2 15 (30.6) 15 (45.5) 9 (20.5)
Spousal support Participation in the center 4.10±0.95 4.39±0.97 3.57±1.23 6.15 (.003) II>I, III
operation program
Exchange with Koreans 4.27±0.84 4.39±0.90 3.80±1.00 4.87 (.009) II>I, III
Participation in migrant meetings 4.06±1.02 4.15±1.28 3.77±1.06 1.32 (.272)
Multicultural acceptibility Agree 14 (28.6) 9 (27.3) 19 (43.2) 2.97 (.268)
Disagree 35 (71.4) 24 (72.7) 25 (56.8)
Children’s temperament Easy 19 (38.8) 15 (45.5) 14 (31.8) 2.68 (.636)
Moderate 27 (55.1) 17 (51.5) 29 (65.9)
Difficult 3 (6.1) 1 (3.0) 1 (2.3)
Children’s health Good 21 (42.9) 18 (54.6) 22 (50.0) 4.45 (.409)
Moderate 26 (53.0) 14 (42.4) 17 (38.6)
Poor 2 (4.1) 1 (3.0) 5 (11.4)
Motherhood ideology 3.35±0.45 3.51±0.40 3.20±0.36 5.58 (.005) II>III
Parenting stress 1.91±0.38 2.03±0.44 2.30±0.44 9.99 (<.001) III>I, II
PD 2.19±0.51 2.33±0.65 2.58±0.56 5.45 (.005) III>I
P-CDI 1.47±0.35 1.53±0.44 1.88±0.55 8.98 (<.001) III>I, II
DC 2.09±0.64 2.26±0.76 2.45±0.62 3.46 (.035) III>I

M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; PD=Parental Distress; P-CDI=Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction; DC=Difficult Child.

Affectionate acceptance group;

Active engaging group;

Passive parenting group.

Influencing Factor of Parenting Behavior Types (N=126)

Reference Variables Category Cluster 1† Cluster 2††
β SE OR p 95% CI β SE OR p 95% CI
Cluster 3§ Constant -3.05 2.69 - .257 -9.26 3.13 - .003
Conversation time with spouse <30 min Reference
(hour) 30 min~<1 1.71 0.78 5.52 .028 1.21 25.29 0.41 0.82 1.50 .623 0.30 7.53
1~<2 1.51 0.84 4.51 .072 0.87 23.24 -0.24 0.95 0.79 .800 0.12 5.07
≥2 1.70 0.81 5.47 .035 1.12 26.65 1.20 0.79 3.31 .131 0.70 15.67
Spousal support 1 0.35 0.27 1.42 .198 0.83 2.40 0.86 0.34 2.37 .011 1.22 4.58
2 0.33 0.34 1.39 .331 0.72 2.69 0.28 0.39 1.33 .465 0.62 2.83
3 -0.19 0.29 0.83 .516 0.47 1.46 -0.24 0.31 0.79 .444 0.43 1.46
Motherhood ideology 1.47 0.68 4.33 .032 1.13 16.54 2.81 0.81 16.65 .001 3.40 81.68
Parenting stress PD -0.73 0.53 0.48 .166 0.17 1.36 -0.60 0.57 0.55 .296 0.18 1.69
P-CDI -1.53 0.78 0.22 .049 0.05 0.99 -1.51 0.87 0.22 .080 0.04 1.20
DC -0.29 0.42 0.75 .496 0.33 1.72 -0.26 0.48 0.77 .583 0.30 1.97
Constant -6.22 2.81 - .027
Cluster 1† Conversation time with spouse <30 min Reference
(hour) 30 min~<1 -1.30 0.83 0.27 .117 0.05 1.39
1~<2 -1.75 0.92 0.17 .057 0.03 1.05
≥2 -0.50 0.79 0.61 .526 0.13 2.86
1 0.51 0.30 1.67 .089 0.93 3.02
2 -0.05 0.35 0.96 .895 0.49 1.88
3 -0.05 0.27 0.95 .849 0.56 1.61
Motherhood ideology 1.35 0.66 3.85 .041 1.06 14.01
Parenting stress PD 0.13 0.47 1.15 .771 0.46 2.88
P-CDI 0.02 0.76 1.02 .983 0.23 4.53
DC 0.03 0.42 1.03 .951 0.46 2.31
Likelihood Ratio χ2=26.27, p<.001
Cox and Snell R2 0 .36
Nagelkerke R2 0 .41

SE=Standard Error; OR=Odds Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; 1=Participation in the center operation program; 2=Exchange with Koreans; 3=Participation in migrant meetings; PD=Parental Distress; P-CDI=Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction; DC=Difficult Child.

†Affectionate acceptance group;††Active engaging group; §Passive parenting group.