J Nutr Health JNH Journal of Nutrition and Health 2288-3886 2288-3959 The Korean Nutrition Society 10.4163/jnh.2019.52.3.250 Research Article Anti-oxidant and anti-adipocyte differentiation of Aster glehni and Aster yomena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-7392 Lee Ji Yeon 1 2 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-4272 Park Jeong-Yong 1 2 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-4347 Kim Hyung Don 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-3262 Lee Seung Eun 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-5508 Lee Jeong Hoon 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2702-7599 Lee Yunji 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-8051 Seo Kyung Hye 1 Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumsung, Chungbuk 27709, Korea. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82 438715785, seokh@korea.kr 06 2019 24 06 2019 52 3 250 257 20 03 2019 02 04 2019 08 05 2019 © 2019 The Korean Nutrition Society 2019 The Korean Nutrition Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose

Aster glehnii (AG) and Aster yomena (AY) are medicinal plants that belong to the family Compositea and grow widely in Korea. Plants in the genus Aster have been used to treat snakebite wounds or bruises in oriental medicine. This study compared the effects of anti-oxidants and anti-adipocyte differentiation according to the species (the aerial parts of AG and AY).

 Methods

AG and AY were extracted using 70% ethanol (−E) and water (−W) at room temperature. The anti-oxidant activities were measured by total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and ABTS+ assay. In addition, correlation analysis was performed for the anti-oxidant compounds and effect. The level of anti-adipocyte differentiation was assessed using an oil red O assay on pre-adipocytes.

 Results

AG-W showed higher TPC (6.92 µg/mL) and AG-E presented higher TFC (8.22 µg/mL) than the other extracts. Furthermore, AG-E exhibited higher radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and ABTS+ assay (IC50: 104.88 and 30.06 µg/mL). In the cytotoxicity assay, AG and AY extracts at concentrations less than 100µg/mL were non toxic. AG-W reduced the lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells significantly after differentiation (70.49%) compared to the other extracts.

 Conclusion

These results show that the water extract of AG has anti-oxidant effects and reduces the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, AG has utility as a functional food material for its anti-oxidant activities and ability to prevent lipid accumulation.

 anti-obesity radical scavenging activity Aster glehui adipocyte Rural Development Administration https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003627 PJ01361603

This study was performed with the support of the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (project no. PJ01361603), the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

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The media changed every two days until cell differentiation. The number of days was indicated based on the induction of differentiation. BCS, bovine calf serum; P/S/G, penicillin-streptomycin-glutamine; FBS, fetal bovine serum; IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; samples, 100 µg/mL of AY (−E,−W) and AG (−E,−W) extracts Cell viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with AG and AY (−E, −W) at various concentrations (25 ~ 200 µg/mL) for 24 hr. Cell viability was measured by the MTS assay. Results are means ± SD of three independent experiments. Significance was determined using ANOVA; <sup>**</sup>p < 0.01 vs. control Microscopy of lipid droplets and quantification of lipid accumulation based on Oil Red O staining for measured as described in material and methods. (A) The effect of AG (−E, −W) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (B) The effect of AY (−E, −W) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. All extracts concentration was 100 µg/mL. CLA (conjugated linoleic acid, 50 µM) was used for positive control. All values are expressed as mean ± SD of data from 3 dependent experiments with 3 replicates. Significance was determined using ANOVA; <sup>###</sup>p < 0.001 vs. non-treated control, <sup>*</sup>p < 0.05, <sup>**</sup>p < 0.01, <sup>***</sup>p < 0.001 vs. MDI treated control Total phenol and flavonoid compound contents and yields of AG and AY with different solvents

1) AG, Aster glehnii; AY, Aster yomena; −E, 70% ethanol extract; −W, water extract

2) Total phenolic contents

3) Gallic acid equivalent

4) Total flavonoid contents

5) Catechin equivalent

All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 3.

 Antioxidant activities (ABTS<sup>+</sup> and DPPH) of AG and AY with different solvents

1) AG, Aster glehnii; AY, Aster yomena; −E, 70% ethanol extract; −W, water extract

2) Ascorbic acid was used for positive control. All values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD), n = 3.

 Correlation between factors affecting of TPC, TFC and antioxidant effects

1) Factors: TPC, total phenol contents; TFC, total flavonoid contents.

Significance was determined using SPSS

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01