kjwhn Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing Korean J Women Health Nurs 2287-1640 2093-7695 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing 10.4069/kjwhn.2018.24.1.33 kjwhn-24-33 Orginal Article Developing Parenting Stress Scale for International Marriage Immigrant Women in South Korea: Focused on Vietnamese and Filipino Marriage Immigrant Women KimJung 1 KimSun-Hee 2 School of Nursing, University of Northcarolina at Chapel Hill, Daegu, Korea College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea Corresponding author: Kim, Sun-Hee College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, 33 Duryugongwon-ro, 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4831, Fax: +82-53-650-4392, E-mail: sunhee421@cu.ac.kr 03 2018 20 03 2018 24 1 33 48 01112017 28022018 06032018 Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing 2018 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate parenting stress of international marriage immigrant women from Vietnam and the Philippines.

 Methods

The concept of parenting stress of international marriage immigrant women was analysed with a hybrid model. Data were collected from 273 international marriage immigrant women from Vietnam and the Philippines who were raising their children aged 1 to 6 years. These collected data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis, multitrait/multi-item matrix assessment, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency measurement.

 Results

The final instrument consisted of 28 items. The following six factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis: ‘insufficiency of parenting support system', ‘role burden of mothers', ‘maladjustment of children', ‘confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences', ‘unskilled Korean communication', and ‘ordinary difficulties'. Construct validity (factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) and criterion-related validity were confirmed. Cronbach's ⍺ value of total items was .92(95% CI .91-.94). Cronbach's ⍺ of values for these factors ranged from .76 to .85.

 Conclusion

The parenting stress scale for international marriage immigrant women is a valid and reliable tool.

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Attributes and Sub-categories of Concept Analysis about Parenting Stress among Marriage Immigrant Women

Sub-categories Attributes
Ordinary difficulties Parenting and housework burden
  Physical pain and fatigue due to parenting
  Restrictions due to parenting
Role burden of mothers Double burden of adaptation to Korea and parenting
  Tension for parenting
  Difficulties in child education
  Confusion about their future child education
  Sorriness about their child
  Sense of guilt for lack of mother roles
  Frustration due to mother roles
Insufficiency of the parenting Lack of parenting information
support system Financial burden
  Lack of support for parenting and educational information
  Lack of their husband's support
  Lack of confidence about parenting
Confusion of parenting methods Confusion due to different parenting style between Korea and their original country
due to cultural differences Conflicts in their family for parenting
  Unfamiliar education system in Korea
Unskilled Korean communication Difficulties in communication with their child
  Difficulties in communication associated with those related to their child
Maladjustment of children Delay in their child's linguistic development
  Their child's poor academic development
  Discrimination and ignorance their child is going through
  Child's identity confusion

Extracted Factor Loading of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)

Factors Item number　     Factor loading    
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Insufficiency of parenting support system 14 0.72 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.10 0.09
  11 0.68 0.22 0.08 0.11 0.30 0.17
  15 0.67 0.11 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.25
  13 0.59 0.08 0.27 0.13 0.09 0.45
  19 0.54 0.31 0.04 0.19 0.29 0.18
  18 0.54 0.22 0.24 0.50 –0.12 –0.14
  17 0.51 –0.13 0.29 0.33 0.00 0.15
Role burden of mothers 8 0.12 0.80 0.18 0.01 0.10 0.05
  7 0.09 0.68 0.15 0.12 0.21 0.25
  4 0.07 0.67 0.08 0.21 0.12 0.22
  6 0.09 0.65 0.20 0.08 0.29 0.22
  9 0.27 0.63 0.02 0.07 –0.02 0.15
Maladjustment of children 34 0.16 0.07 0.79 0.25 0.09 0.03
  33 0.20 0.18 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.15
  35 0.00 0.14 0.73 0.30 0.08 0.04
  32 0.23 0.20 0.60 0.10 0.33 –0.07
  31 0.16 0.12 0.54 –0.01 0.43 0.14
Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences 22 –0.02 0.02 0.07 0.69 0.12 0.32
  23 0.29 0.21 0.04 0.68 0.10 0.02
  21 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.62 0.08 0.23
  24 0.32 0.16 0.24 0.62 0.13 –0.12
  25 0.31 0.04 0.22 0.60 0.19 0.05
Unskilled Korean communication 27 0.15 0.24 0.19 0.11 0.75 –0.02
  28 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.18 0.74 –0.09
  29 –0.01 0.02 0.35 0.16 0.69 0.20
Ordinary difficulties 1 0.16 0.32 0.04 0.13 –0.02 0.70
  3 0.27 0.26 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.69
  2 0.27 0.40 0.06 0.13 –0.04 0.65
Eigenvalue   9.12 2.41 2.10 1.26 1.22 1.08
Variance (%)   32.57 8.61 7.49 4.51 4.34 3.86
Cumulative variance (%)   32.57 41.18 48.66 53.17 57.51 61.37

Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)

Item number Factor1 Factor2 Factor3 Factor4 Factor5 Factor6 2∗Standard error of correlation coefficient
11 .65 .42 .38 .43 .37 .41 0.09
13 .63 .37 .43 .42 .27 .54 0.09
14 .67 .40 .41 .44 .33 .41 0.09
15 .60 .32 .27 .41 .21 .42 0.10
17 .51 .15 .37 .44 .20 .26 0.10
18 .56 .33 .38 .57 .21 .27 0.10
19 .58 .47 .36 .44 .36 .41 0.10
4 .37 .58 .30 .34 .30 .48 0.10
6 .38 .63 .40 .29 .42 .46 0.09
7 .39 .67 .35 .32 .35 .49 0.09
8 .33 .67 .35 .24 .30 .38 0.09
9 .39 .50 .23 .26 .19 .43 0.11
31 .36 .35 .53 .29 .49 .22 0.10
32 .42 .35 .60 .36 .49 .19 0.10
33 .44 .38 .69 .33 .44 .30 0.09
34 .43 .28 .69 .43 .40 .20 0.09
35 .33 .28 .61 .41 .36 .18 0.10
21 .40 .27 .31 .49 .24 .29 0.11
22 .34 .23 .26 .48 .23 .29 0.11
23 .51 .32 .31 .58 .29 .32 0.10
24 .51 .29 .42 .58 .33 .22 0.10
25 .50 .25 .42 .57 .36 .27 0.10
27 .50 .25 .42 .73 .40 .27 0.11
28 .36 .19 .31 .39 .51 .23 0.10
29 .35 .40 .48 .30 .40 .19 0.11
1 .40 .47 .18 .28 .16 .63 0.09
2 .47 .53 .25 .34 .16 .67 0.09
3 .50 .47 .28 .35 .24 .61 0.10

Criterion-related Validity of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)

Parenting stress of marriage immigrant women   PSI   Parenting sense of competence Marriage satisfaction
Relationships with children Expectations for learning Total score
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
F1 .50 .60 .59 –.39 –.37
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F2 .41 .39 .44 –.35 –.27
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F3 .32 .43 .40 –.31 –.16
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (.011)
F4 .46 .49 .52 –.39 –.34
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
F5 .40 .37 .40 –.19 –.11
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (.086)
F6 .34 .36 .38 –.35 –.39
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)
Total items .55 .62 .63 –.46 –.38
  (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001) (＜.001)

F1=Insufficiency of parenting support system; F2=Role burden of mothers; F3=Maladjustment of children; F4=Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences; F5=Unskilled Korean communication; F6=Ordinary difficulties.

Item-analysis and Reliability of the Parenting Stress Scale for Marriage Immigrant Women (N=273)

Factors correlation Item number Item-total ⍺ if item deleted Cronbach's ⍺ (95% CI) Rating M±SD
M±SD
Insufficiency of parenting support system 11 .61 .918 .85 3.21±1.15 16.59±4.47
  13 .62 .918 (.82∼.87) 2.97±1.13  
  14 .61 .918   3.11±1.16  
  15 .62 .920   3.19±1.14  
  17 .52 .921   3.48±1.15  
  18 .46 .919   3.32±1.23  
  19 .55 .918   3.20±1.23  
Role burden of mothers 4 .52 .920 .82 2.79±1.20 14.93±4.23
  6 .56 .919 (.78∼.85) 2.89±1.21  
  7 .56 .919   3.05±1.22  
  8 .49 .920   3.05±1.30  
  9 .45 .921   2.78±1.34  
Maladjustment of children 31 .50 .920 .83 3.17±1.27 16.59±4.47
  32 .54 .919 (.79∼.86) 3.03±1.19  
  33 .57 .919   2.84±1.19  
  34 .54 .919   2.68±1.24  
  35 .48 .920   2.93±1.18  
Confusion of parenting methods due to cultural differences 21 .45 .921 .77 3.05±1.16 14.93±4.23
  22 .41 .921 (.72∼.81) 3.18±1.18  
  23 .53 .919   3.09±1.10  
  24 .55 .919   3.38±1.15  
  25 .55 .919   3.32±1.13  
Unskilled Korean communication 27 .50 .920 .76 3.29±1.17 9.99±2.84
  28 .46 .920 (.71∼.80) 3.26±1.16  
  29 .46 .920   3.44±1.13  
Ordinary difficulties 1 .46 .920 .79 3.44±1.14 9.28±2.90
  2 .53 .919 (.75∼.83) 3.26±1.22  
  3 .54 .919   3.19±1.16  
Total items       .92 3.13±0.67 87.58±18.89
        (.91∼.94)