kjwhn Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing Korean J Women Health Nurs 2287-1640 2093-7695 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing 10.4069/kjwhn.2017.23.4.233 kjwhn-23-233 Original Aricle Impact of Parenting Stress and Husband's Support on Breastfeeding Adaptation among Breastfeeding Mothers HeoSeung Hui 1 NohYoon Goo 2 Cham Joen Obstetrics ․ Gynecology, Jinju, Korea Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea Corresponding author: Noh, Yoon Goo Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon 51140, Korea. Tel: +82-55-213-3577, Fax: +82-55-213-3579, E-mail: ygnoh@hanmail.net 01 2017 20 01 2017 23 4 233 242 13072017 11102017 31102017 Copyright © 2017 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Purpose

This study investigated the relationships among parenting stress, husband's support, and breastfeeding adaptation in mothers.

 Methods

A correlational survey design was utilized in this study. Data were collected from 181 breastfeeding mothers with infants under 12 months of age. Participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic, a child photo studio, or from the kid's cafe from July 22 to September 13, 2016. Instruments for collecting data included Childcare Stress Inventory (CSI), Husband's Support scale, and the Breastfeeding Adaptation scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 by frequency, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

 Results

Of the 181 subjects, 54.7% responded they only breastfed with 75.7% who received breastfeeding education. Seventy-two percent of mothers made a decision to breastfeed by themselves. The mean score was 2.39±0.53 for parenting stress, 3.07±0.43 for husband's support, and 3.85±0.49 for breastfeeding adaptation. Factors influencing breastfeeding adaptation were identified as lower parenting stress (β=-.54), greater husband's support (β=.31), breastfeeding (β=.31), and older age of baby (β=.14), with 56.0% that explained variance.

 Conclusion

This study reports that parenting stress has negative effect on breastfeeding adaptation, while husband's support has positive effect. Results may be useful in developing new strategies for enhancing breastfeeding adaptation.

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General and Breastfeeding Characteristics of Subjects (N=181)

Characteristics Categories n (%) or M±SD
Age (yr)   31.5±3.88
  ＜30 44 (24.3)
  30∼34 103 (56.9)
  ≥35 34 (18.8)
Education ≤High school 28 (15.5)
  College 50 (27.6)
  University 91 (50.3)
  Graduate school 12 (6.6)
Occupation Yes 72 (39.8)
  No 109 (60.2)
Subjective perception of family income Not enough 42 (23.2)
  Reasonable 105 (58.0)
  Enough 34 (18.8)
Mother's subjective health status Not healthy 13 (7.2)
  Average 83 (45.8)
  Healthy 72 (39.8)
  Very healthy 13 (7.2)
Baby's age (month)   5.3±3.82
  ＜3 61 (33.7)
  3∼＜6 53 (29.3)
  6∼＜9 35 (19.3)
  ≥9 32 (17.7)
Child order First 93 (51.4)
  Second 73 (40.3)
  Third 15 (8.3)
Delivery type Vaginal birth 93 (51.4)
  Induced birth 17 (9.4)
  Caesarean birth 71 (39.2)
Rooming-in Yes 50 (27.6)
  No 131 (72.4)
Previous breastfeeding experience Yes 88 (48.6)
  No 93 (51.4)
Feeding type during hospitalization Breastfeeding 40 (22.1)
  Mixed or formula 141 (77.9)
Current type of feeding Breastfeeding 99 (54.7)
  Mixed-feeding 82 (45.3)
Breastfeeding education Yes 137 (75.7)
  No 44 (24.3)
Housework assistant Yes 158 (87.3)
  No 23 (12.7)
Person who recommended breastfeeding Self 132 (72.9)
  Husband 12 (6.6)
  Parent 21 (11.6)
  Others 16 (8.8)
Breastfeeding problem Yes 151 (83.4)
  No 30 (16.6)

Levels of Parenting Stress, Husband's Support, and Breastfeeding Adaptation (N=181)

Variables Range Min Max M±SD
Parenting stress 1∼5 1.2 4.3 2.4±0.53
Husband's support 1∼4 1.7 4.0 3.1±0.43
Breastfeeding adaptation 1∼5 2.5 4.7 3.8±0.49

Parenting Stress, Husband's Support, and Breastfeeding Adaptation by General and Breastfeeding Characteristics (N=181)

      Parenting stress Husband's support Breastfeeding adaptation
Characteristics Categories n M±SD t or F (p) Scheffé M±SD t or F (p) Scheffé M±SD t or F (p) Scheffé
Age (yr) ＜30 44 2.3±0.61 0.54 3.0±0.43 0.08 3.7±0.51 0.97
  30∼34 103 2.4±0.51 (.582) 3.0±0.45 (.921) 3.8±0.49 (.381)
  ≥35 34 2.3±0.51   3.0±0.41   3.9±0.45  
Education ≤High school 28 2.2±0.58 1.25 3.0±0.28 0.30 3.9±0.51 0.38
  College 50 2.3±0.51 (.294) 3.0±0.43 (.823) 3.8±0.43 (.767)
  University 91 2.4±0.55   3.0±0.48   3.8±0.52  
  Graduate school 12 2.4±0.34   3.1±0.37   3.7±0.44  
Occupation Yes 72 2.3±0.54 –1.27 3.0±0.38 0.59 3.9±0.51 2.34
  No 109 2.4±0.53 (.204) 3.0±0.47 (.554) 3.7±0.46 (.021)
Perception of family income Insufficienta 42 2.5±0.45 2.12 3.0±0.34 3.88 3.7±0.49 3.74
  Suitableb 105 2.3±0.57 (.123) 3.0±0.47 (.022) 3.8±0.48 (.026)
  Sufficientc 34 2.2±0.49   3.2±0.39 c＞a 4.0±0.48 c＞a
Mother's subjective Not healthya 13 2.8±0.68 6.30 2.8±0.50 2.14 3.6±0.67 4.74
health status Averageb 83 2.4±0.51 (＜.001) 3.0±0.45 (.097) 3.7±0.45 (.003)
  Healthyc 72 2.2±0.48 a＞c, d 3.0±0.40   3.9±0.47 d＞a
  Very healthyd 13 2.2±0.55   3.3±0.40   4.0±0.44  
Baby's age (month) ＜3a 61 2.4±0.57 1.80 3.1±0.41 3.03 3.7±0.50 3.76
  3∼＜6b 53 2.4±0.54 (.148) 3.1±0.36 (.031) 3.8±0.46 (.012)
  6∼＜9c 35 2.3±0.45   2.8±0.46 a＞c 3.9±0.47 d＞a
  ≥9d 32 2.2±0.53   3.0±0.52   4.0±0.46  
Birth order Firsta 93 2.4±0.58 3.39 3.1±0.42 2.90 3.8±0.53 0.53
  Secondb 73 2.2±0.45 (.036) 3.0±0.41 (.058) 3.8±0.47 (.440)
  ≥Thirdc 15 2.3±0.54 a＞b 2.8±0.53   3.9±0.32  
Delivery type Vaginal 93 2.4±0.54 0.39 3.0±0.48 0.59 3.8±0.46 0.01
  Induced 17 2.2±0.63 (.680) 3.1±0.29 (.554) 3.8±0.63 (.995)
  C/sec 71 2.3±0.51   3.0±0.39   3.8±0.50  
Rooming-in Yes 50 2.3±0.49 –1.42 3.0±0.49 –0.44 3.9±０.49 0.92
  No 131 2.4±0.55 (.157) 3.0±0.41 (.658) 3.8±０.49 (.360)
Breastfeeding Yes 88 2.3±0.48 –2.27 3.0±0.43 –2.34 3.8±0.44 0.80
experience No 93 2.4±0.57 (.024) 3.1±0.43 (.025) 3.8±0.53 (.423)
Feeding type during Breastfeeding 40 2.2±0.52 –2.13 3.1±0.38 2.0 3.9±0.51 1.60
hospitalization Mixed or formula 141 2.4±0.53 (.035) 3.0±0.44 (.047) 3.8±0.48 (.113)
Current type of Breastfeeding 99 2.3±0.53 –0.09 3.0±0.47 –1.32 3.9±0.46 4.38
feeding Mixed-feeding 82 2.3±0.55 (.925) 3.1±0.37 (.188) 3.6±0.48 (＜.001)
Breastfeeding Yes 137 2.3±0.56 0.00 3.0±0.45 –0.29 3.8±0.51 0.44
education No 44 2.3±0.46 (.999) 3.0±0.36 (.772) 3.8±0.43 (.664)
Housework assistant Yes 158 2.3±0.53 0.23 3.0±0.44 2.31 3.8±0.48 –0.10
  No 23 2.3±0.55 (.822) 2.9±0.32 (.027) 3.8±0.54 (.919)
Person who By oneself 132 2.3±0.50 2.42 3.0±0.43 1.65 3.8±0.45 0.85
recommended Husband 12 2.5±0.66 (.068) 3.1±0.44 (.181) 3.7±0.67 (.468)
breastfeeding Parent 21 2.6±0.43   3.2±0.35   3.7±0.51  
  Others 16 2.2±0.74   2.9±0.51   3.7±0.65  
Breastfeeding Yes 151 2.4±0.53 3.01 3.0±0.43 –2.04 3.8±0.48 –3.05
problem No 30 2.1±0.49 (.003) 3.2±0.43 (.043) 4.0±0.46 (.003)

Relationships among Variables (N=181)

Variables Parenting stress Husband's support Breastfeeding adaptation
r (p) r (p) r (p)
Husband's support –.18 (.015) 1  
Breastfeeding adaptation –.62 (＜.001) .35 (＜.001) 1

Factors Influencing on Breastfeeding Adaptation (N=181)

Variables B SE β t p Adj. R2
Baby's age (month) .001 .001 .14 2.60 .010 .05
Current type of feeding 1=breastfeeding .30 .05 .31 6.00 ＜.001 .11
Husband's support .35 .06 .31 6.08 ＜.001 .29
Parenting stress –.50 .05 –.54 –10.58 ＜.001 .56
  F=58.56, p＜.001, Durbin-Watson=1.89, Tolerance=.88∼94, VIF=1.06∼1.13