uti Urogenital Tract Infection Urogenit Tract Infect 2465-8243 2465-8510 Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation 10.14777/uti.2017.12.02.65 uti-12-65 Review Genetic Variation in Mycoplasma genitalium LeeGilho Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea Correspondence to: Gilho Lee http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9253-6245 Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Korea Tel: +82-41-550-6630, Fax: +82-41-550-3905 E-mail: multiorigins@yahoo.com 082017 19082017 12265 76 14072017 03082017 03082017 Copyright © 2017 Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is the smallest self-replicating bacterium. Although small in size, unique MG genome induces distinctive and often serious characteristics in the infected cells. Due to its small genome and chronic symptomatic characteristics in the infected host, it first appears as a weak, insignificant, and easily controllable microbe. However, it is not a monotonous chrysalis, but rather a multicolored butterfly with various capabilities. Repetitive DNA sequence in MG's immunodominant MgPa operon has been considered as an efficient strategy to evade the host immune surveillance and mediate MG's genetic flexibility. Because of MG's pathogenicity in multiple organs, various antimicrobials are prescribed, further exerting selection pressure on microbes. Consequently, a rapidly increasing drug resistance in macrolide and moxifloxacin has been frequently reported globally, radically decreasing the overall cure rate of infection. Re-infection can be defined as a new MG infection through antigenic variation, while persistent infection refers to recurrent infections caused by the same MG isolate through acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we must differentiate between re-infection and persistent MG infection, and approach them accordingly. The genetic mechanisms of DNA variation in the MgPa operon and antibiotic resistance must be considered for the management of multicolored infection. In this respect, the unique genetic characteristics of MG will be described in detail. We hope that with this manuscript, clinicians can expand their understanding of recurrent MG infections and better choose an appropriate treatment for the infection in clinical setting.

 Mycoplasma genitalium Genetics Recurrence REFERENCESDelva D Social implications of sexually transmitted diseases Can Fam Physician 198329 19336 Anderson RM Transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections Holmes KK Sparling PF Mardh PA Lemon SM Stamm WE Piot P, editors. Sexually transmitted diseases 3rd ed. New York McGraw-Hill 1999 2537 Takahashi S Hamasuna R Yasuda M Ishikawa K Hayami H Uehara S Nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis from male urethritis in Japan J Infect Chemother 201622 5816 Krashin JW Koumans EH Bradshaw-Sydnor AC Braxton JR Evan Secor W Sawyer MK Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence, incidence, risk factors and antibiotic-resistance in an adolescent population Sex Transm Dis 201037 4404 Papp JR Abrams AJ Nash E Katz AR Kirkcaldy RD OʼConnor NP Azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hawaii, USA Emerg Infect Dis 201723 8302 Shipitsyna E Rumyantseva T Golparian D Khayrullina G Lagos AC Edelstein I Prevalence of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-mediating mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in five cities in Russia and Estonia PLoS One 201712 e0175763 Manhart LE Jensen JS Bradshaw CS Golden MR Martin DH Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for mycoplasma genitalium infections Clin Infect Dis 201561 Suppl 8 S80217 Jensen JS Bradshaw C Management of Mycoplasma genitalium infections-can we hit a moving target? BMC Infect Dis 201515 343 Nijhuis RH Severs TT Van der Vegt DS Van Zwet AA Kusters JG High levels of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium warrant antibiotic susceptibility-guided treatment J Antimicrob Chemother 201570 25158 Salado-Rasmussen K Jensen JS Mycoplasma genitalium testing pattern and macrolide resistance: a Danish nationwide retrospective survey Clin Infect Dis 201459 2430 Horner P Blee K Adams E Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g! Curr Opin Infect Dis 201427 6874 Deguchi T Kikuchi M Yasuda M Ito S Multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium is increasing Clin Infect Dis 201662 4056 Serra-Pladevall J Barbera MJ Rodriguez S Bartolome-Comas R Roig G Juve R Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility in Barcelona: penA, ponA, mtrR, and porB mutations and NG-MAST sequence types associated with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 201635 154956 Hamasuna R Mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis: diagnosis and treatment in Japan Int J Urol 201320 67684 Mondeja BA Rodriguez NM Barroto B Blanco O Jensen JS Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of recent Cuban Mycoplasma genitalium isolates determined by a modified cell-culture-based method PLoS One 201611 e0162924 Dupin N Bijaoui G Schwarzinger M Ernault P Gerhardt P Jdid R Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis Clin Infect Dis 200337 6025 Falkow S Isberg RR Portnoy DA The interaction of bacteria with mammalian cells Annu Rev Cell Biol 19928 33363 Olive AJ Sassetti CM Metabolic crosstalk between host and pathogen: sensing, adapting and competing Nat Rev Microbiol 201614 22134 Imming P Sinning C Meyer A Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets Nat Rev Drug Discov 20065 82134 Briken V Molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and their potential for the discovery of new drug targets Curr Drug Targets 20089 1507 Munita JM Arias CA Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance Microbiol Spectr 20164 Koike S Yoshitani S Kobayashi Y Tanaka K Phylogenetic analysis of fiber-associated rumen bacterial community and PCR detection of uncultured bacteria FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003229 2330 Riley DE Berger RE Miner DC Krieger JN Diverse and related 16S rRNA-encoding DNA sequences in prostate tissues of men with chronic prostatitis J Clin Microbiol 199836 164652 Garza-Ramos G Xiong L Zhong P Mankin A Binding site of macrolide antibiotics on the ribosome: new resistance mutation identifies a specific interaction of ketolides with rRNA J Bacteriol 2001183 6898907 Drlica K Zhao X DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 199761 37792 Blango MG Mulvey MA Persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the face of multiple antibiotics Antimicrob Agents Chemother 201054 185563 Lee G Romih R Zupancic D Cystitis: from urothelial cell biology to clinical applications Biomed Res Int 2014 doi: 10.1155/2014/473536 NCBI Taxonomy [Internet] Bethesda NCBI 2017 [cited 2017 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy Taylor-Robinson D Furr PM Failure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection to confer protection against Mycoplasma genitalium: observations from a mouse model J Med Microbiol 200150 3834 Wang RY Grandinetti T Shih JW Weiss SH Haley CL Hayes MM Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 199719 23745 Fraser CM Gocayne JD White O Adams MD Clayton RA Fleischmann RD The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium Science 1995270 397403 Razin S Yogev D Naot Y Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 199862 1094156 Ma L Jensen JS Myers L Burnett J Welch M Jia Q Mycoplasma genitalium: an efficient strategy to generate genetic variation from a minimal genome Mol Microbiol 200766 22036 Rottem S Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells Physiol Rev 200383 41732 Reinton N Moi H Olsen AO Zarabyan N Bjerner J Tønseth TM Anatomic distribution of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections in men who have sex with men Sex Health 201310 199203 Baseman JB Dallo SF Tully JG Rose DL Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract J Clin Microbiol 198826 22669 Taylor-Robinson D Jensen JS Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to multicolored butterfly Clin Microbiol Rev 201124 498514 Mernaugh GR Dallo SF Holt SC Baseman JB Properties of adhering and nonadhering populations of Mycoplasma genitalium Clin Infect Dis 199317 Suppl 1 S6978 Ma L Jensen JS Mancuso M Hamasuna R Jia Q McGowin CL Variability of trinucleotide tandem repeats in the MgPa operon and its repetitive chromosomal elements in Mycoplasma genitalium J Med Microbiol 201261 1917 Ma L Jensen JS Mancuso M Hamasuna R Jia Q McGowin CL Genetic variation in the complete MgPa operon and its repetitive chromosomal elements in clinical strains of Mycoplasma genitalium PLoS One 20105 e15660 Iverson-Cabral SL Astete SG Cohen CR Rocha EP Totten PA Intrastrain heterogeneity of the mgpB gene in Mycoplasma genitalium is extensive in vitro and in vivo and suggests that variation is generated via recombination with repetitive chromosomal sequences Infect Immun 200674 371526 Dallo SF Baseman JB Adhesin gene of Mycoplasma genitalium exists as multiple copies Microb Pathog 199110 47580 Hu PC Schaper U Collier AM Clyde WA Jr Horikawa M Huang YS A Mycoplasma genitalium protein resembling the Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment protein Infect Immun 198755 112631 Clyde WA Jr Hu PC Antigenic determinants of the attachment protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae shared by other pathogenic Mycoplasma species Infect Immun 198651 6902 Burgos R Pich OQ Ferrer-Navarro M Baseman JB Querol E Pinol J Mycoplasma genitalium P140 and P110 cytadhesins are reciprocally stabilized and required for cell adhesion and terminal-organelle development J Bacteriol 2006188 862737 Akira S Uematsu S Takeuchi O Pathogen recognition and innate immunity Cell 2006124 783801 Schmid-Hempel P Immune defence, parasite evasion strategies and their relevance for ‘macroscopic phenomenaʼ such as virulence Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009364 8598 Hornef MW Wick MJ Rhen M Normark S Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive immune responses Nat Immunol 20023 103340 NCBI Nucleotide [Internet] Bethesda NCBI 2017 [cited 2017 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ Ma L Mancuso M Williams JA Van Der Pol B Fortenberry JD Jia Q Extensive variation and rapid shift of the MG192 sequence in Mycoplasma genitalium strains from patients with chronic infection Infect Immun 201482 132634 Ma L Jensen JS Mancuso M Myers L Martin DH Kinetics of genetic variation of the Mycoplasma genitalium MG192 gene in experimentally infected chimpanzees Infect Immun 201584 74753 Taylor-Robinson D The Harrison lecture. The history and role of Mycoplasma genitalium in sexually transmitted diseases Genitourin Med 199571 18 Jensen JS Mycoplasma genitalium: the aetiological agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 200418 111 Jensen JS Cusini M Gomberg M Moi H 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 201630 16506 Deguchi T Ito S Yasuda M Kondo H Yamada Y Nakane K Emergence of Mycoplasma genitalium with clinically significant fluoroquinolone resistance conferred by amino acid changes both in GyrA and ParC in Japan J Infect Chemother 201723 64850 Braam JF van Dommelen L Henquet CJ van de Bovenkamp JH Kusters JG Multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infections in Europe Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017 Mar 30 [Epub]. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-2969-9 Murray GL Bradshaw CS Bissessor M Danielewski J Garland SM Jensen JS Increasing macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in mycoplasma genitalium Emerg Infect Dis 201723 80912 Hamasuna R Osada Y Jensen JS Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-void urine specimens by coculture with Vero cells J Clin Microbiol 200745 84750 Bocchetta M Xiong L Mankin AS 23S rRNA positions essential for tRNA binding in ribosomal functional sites Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 199895 352530 Beringer M Rodnina MV Importance of tRNA interactions with 23S rRNA for peptide bond formation on the ribosome: studies with substrate analogs Biol Chem 2007388 68791 Brosius J Dull TJ Noller HF Complete nucleotide sequence of a 23S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 198077 2014 Harrod R Lovett PS Peptide inhibitors of peptidyltransferase alter the conformation of domains IV and V of large subunit rRNA: a model for nascent peptide control of translation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 199592 86504 Schlunzen F Zarivach R Harms J Bashan A Tocilj A Albrecht R Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria Nature 2001413 81421 Hansen JL Ippolito JA Ban N Nissen P Moore PB Steitz TA The structures of four macrolide antibiotics bound to the large ribosomal subunit Mol Cell 200210 11728 Kim JH Kim JY Yoo CH Seo WH Yoo Y Song DJ Macrolide resistance and its impacts on M. Pneumoniae pneumonia in children: comparison of two recent epidemics in Korea Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 20179 3406 Anagrius C Lore B Jensen JS Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium. Observations from a Swedish STD clinic PLoS One 20138 e61481 Couldwell DL Lewis DA Mycoplasma genitalium infection: current treatment options, therapeutic failure, and resistance-associated mutations Infect Drug Resist 20158 14761 Couldwell DL Tagg KA Jeoffreys NJ Gilbert GL Failure of moxifloxacin treatment in Mycoplasma genitalium infections due to macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance Int J STD AIDS 201324 8228 Kikuchi M Ito S Yasuda M Tsuchiya T Hatazaki K Takanashi M Remarkable increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in Japan J Antimicrob Chemother 201469 237682 Wang JC Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20023 43040 Takahashi S Hamasuna R Yasuda M Ito S Ito K Kawai S Clinical efficacy of sitafloxacin 100 mg twice daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis J Infect Chemother 201319 9415 Hooper DC Mode of action of fluoroquinolones Drugs 199958 Suppl 2 610 Figures and Tables

Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals that Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 is closely related with Mycoplasma genitalium (MG). NR074611.1 is MG strain G37 (16S ribosomal RNA), NC000912.1 is M. pneumoniae M129 complete genome (16S ribosomal RNA), NC010503.1 is Ureaplasma parvum serotype 3 str. ATCC27815, complete genome (16S ribosomal RNA), NC011374 is Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 10 str. ATCC33699, complete genome (16S ribosomal RNA), and AB680681.1 is Mycoplasma hominis gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, strain NBRC14850.

Schematic view of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG). It appears as a flask or pear-shaped cell with a narrow terminal structure (A). This structure is crucial for MG to attach onto the host cell surfaces.

Complete genome sequence in MgPa and MgPar genes of the Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) G37 strain. The expression sites for each of the three genes are present in only one copy; but there are nine repetitive elements in the form of truncated copies of MG191 and MG192 genes dispersed throughout the genome, designated as MgPa repeats or MgPar sequences [31,39,40].

Twenty mgpB DNA sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/) are evaluated for their homology using the Clustal W alignment algorithm (http://www.genome.jp/tools/clustalw/). Locations in the MG191 gene are indicated in the upper area. There are three areas of hot genetic variety in the mgpB gene (520-1,040 bp for B area, 2,340-2,990 bp for EF area, 3,250-3,640 bp for G area). The gray colors represent matching, while the black colors represent mismatching (http://multalin.toulouse.inra.fr/). MG: Mycoplasma genitalium.

Sixty-four partial mgpC DNA sequences (Supplementary Table 2) from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/) are collected and evaluated for their homology using the Clustal W alignment algorithm (http://www.genome.jp/tools/clustalw/). Locations in the mgpB gene are indicated in the upper area. The gray colors represent matching, while the black colors represent mismatching (http://multalin.toulouse.inra.fr).

Twenty-four partial mgpC DNA sequences (Supplementary Table 3) from patient no. 126 are evaluated from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/) to investigate the homology using the Clustal W alignment algorithm (http://www.genome.jp/ tools/clustalw/). Ma et al. [50] serially examined the DNA sequence changes in the mgpC gene in serial culturing periods (from the starting point to 4th subculturing period). The DNA sequences of MG192 changed rapidly in vitro within a short period of time. The gray colors represent matching, while the black colors represent mismatching (http://multalin.toulouse.inra.fr/multalin/multalin.html). MG: Mycoplasma genitalium.

Phylogenetic analysis of the MG192 variable sequences from serially cultured in vitro samples from MG infected patients no. 61 and no. 126. Time intervals are described in Table 4. There are greater variations in the MG192 gene during sequential cultures, but the variances are more closely related within an individual patient than between the patients. MG: Mycoplasma genitalium.

Ma et al. [51] intraurethrally inoculated a single cloned Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) strain G37 into one male chimpanzee's urethra. Urethral swabs were obtained at different time points (5 weeks, 9 weeks, and 11 weeks). Phylogenetic analysis in the MG192 gene revealed several MG192 sequences variants during an in vivo study.

JX857899.1(61.0a) is the partial DNA sequences of MG192 gene at the starting point (11/20/2000) obtained from patient no. 61, as presented in Fig. 7. The JX857903.1(61.2e) is the partial DNA sequences of MG192 gene obtained from the same patient post 6 months (05/07/2001). EF117289.1 is the partial DNA sequences of MG strain G37 MgPar 8 region genomic sequence, FJ872575.1 is the partial DNA sequences of MG strain M2321 MgPar 2 region genomic sequence, and FJ872582.1 is the partial DNA sequences of MG strain M2321 MgPar 9 region genomic sequence. JX857903.1(61.2e) may get some AGT repeats in the original MG192 gene (JX857899.1), and newly mutated isolate (JX857903.1) is closely related to the partial DNA sequences of MG strain G37 MgPar 8 region genomic sequence (EF117289.1) (dotted box). MG: Mycoplasma genitalium.

A schematic view of homologous recombination between MG192 and MgPar 8 in the MG type strain G37 during in vitro passage. A presents the alignment of a portion of the MG192 variable region and MgPar 8 in G37-P1, while B demonstrates the alignment of a portion of the recombined MG192 variable region and MgPar 8 in G37-P35, clearly depicting the sequence exchange at the recombination sites. Arrows indicate where sequence exchanges took place, with the reciprocal exchange (gene cross-over) shown by two arrows (area II) and gene conversion shown by one arrow (area I). MG: Mycoplasma genitalium.

Taxonomical classification of Mycoplasmataceae family

Bacteria
 Terrabacteria group
  Tenericutes
   Mollicutes
    Mycoplasmataceae
     Candidatus Hepatoplasma
     Candidatus Marinoplasma
     Candidatus Moeniiplasma
     Mycoplasma (329 species)
      Mycoplasma genitalium
      Mycoplasma hominis
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae
     Ureaplasma (24 species)
      Ureaplasma pavum
      Ureaplasma urealyticum

Structural characteristics of Mycoplasma genitalium

Organisms Size (m) Genome size (base pair) Protein coding gene (no)
Escherichia coli 2.0-6.0 5,000,000-4,000,000 5,400-4,300
Neisseria 0.6-1.0 2,232,025 (NCCP11945) 2,662
  gonorrhoeae      
Chlamydia 0.3 1,044,282 (FM872307) 2,032-1,052
  trachomatis      
M. genitalium 0.3 580,070 480
Eukaryotic cell 10-100 3,000,000,000 19,000-20,000

Tissue tropisms of Mycoplasmas

Species Primary site of colonization Pathogenicity
Oropharynx Urogenital tract
Mycoplasma hominis Y Y Y
Ureaplasma urealyticum Y Y Y
Mycoplasma pneumonia Y N Y
Mycoplasma genitalium ?Y Y Y

Sequential cultures of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) from two infected parents and unique MG192 variants

Patient no. Date Clonesʼ no. Unique MG192 sequences variant(s)
61 11/20/2000 8 61.0aa)
  5/7/2001 6 61.2b, 61.2c, 61.2d, 61.2e, 61.2f
126 10/23/2001 10 126.0a, 126.0b, 126.0c, 126.0da)
  1/15/2002 10 126.1e, 126.1f, 126.1g, 126.1h, 126.1i, 126.1j, 126.1k
  6/26/2002 10 126.2l, 126.2m, 126.2n, 126.2o, 126.2p
  9/17/2002 10 126.3q, 126.3r, 126.3s, 126.3t, 126.3u, 126.3v, 126.3w, 126.3x
  12/3/2002 10 126.4.1, 126.4.2, 126.4.3, 126.4.4, 126.4.5, 126.4.6, 126.4.7, 126.4.8, 126.4.9

All unique variants in table reveal different sequences. Modified from the article of Ma et al. Infect Immun 2014:82:1326-34 [50].

Indicate the starting points in serial MG cultures.

Topoisomerase IIA family in Mycoplasma genitalium

Enzyme Type Structure Genes Annotations Locationa) Gene name
Gyrase Topoisomerase IIA Heterodimer gyrA DNA gyrase subunit A 4812..7322 AFQ04307.1
    (AB/AB) gyrB DNA gyrase subunit B 2845..4797 AFQ04306.1
Topo IV Topoisomerase IIA Heterodimer ParC DNA topoisomerase IV, A subunit 242059..244404 AFQ04524.1
    (AB/AB) ParE DNA topoisomerase IV, B subunit 240158..242059 AFQ04523.1

CP003773; Mycoplasma genitalium M2288, complete genome from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CP003773.

List of common DNA mutations in toposiomerase IIA genes that change their amino acid sequences, which may inactivate moxifloxacin treatment in Mycoplasma genitalium infection [67-69]

Gene Position Mutation AA change
ParC 234 C to T No change
  241 G to T Glt to Cys
  244 G to A Asp to Asn
  247 G to T Ser to Arg
  248 G to A Ser to Ile
  259 G to A Asp to Asn
    G to C Asp to His
    G to T Asp to Tyr
  260 A to G Asp to Gly
  290 A to G Lys to Met
  307 G to A Val to Ile
  351 T to C No change
  356 C to A Ala to Val
GyrA 237 G to T No change
  267 C to T No change
  270 C to T No change
  285 G to A No change
    G to C Met to Ile

AA: amino acid.

Mycoplasma genitalium mgpB sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information

> CP003773.1:221365-225744 Mycoplasma genitalium M2288,complete genome
>GU226203.1:1247-5599 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 6286 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226202.1:1247-5569 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6285 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226200.1:1250-5593 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6283 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226201.1:1250-5578 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6284 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872591.1:1152-5510 Mycoplasma genitalium strain New Orleans 64 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872584.1:1206-5537 Mycoplasma genitalium strain M2282 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>KP318806.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain Seattle2 MgpB adhesin gene, complete cds
>FJ872588.1:1257-5615 Mycoplasma genitalium strain M2341 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872592.1:1152-5501 Mycoplasma genitalium strain New Orleans 64 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872586.1:1260-5585 Mycoplasma genitalium strain M2300 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872589.1:1143-5465 Mycoplasma genitalium strain New Orleans 199 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226196.1:1250-5581 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M30 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>FJ872587.1:1245-5588 Mycoplasma genitalium strain M2321 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>M31431.1:1066-5400 M.genitalium attachment protein (MgPa) gene, complete cds
>FJ872590.1:1143-5465 Mycoplasma genitalium strain New Orleans 199 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226199.1:1250-5593 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6282 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226197.1:1063-5388 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6257 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>GU226198.1:1250-5584 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate M6280 MgPa operon, complete sequence
>KP318805.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain Seattle1 MgpB adhesin gene, complete cds
 

Mycoplasma genitalium mgpC sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information

>EF117280.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain G37 adhesion protein (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>EF117281.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain TW10-5 adhesion protein (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869102.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.0A adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869118.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene,
>JX869119.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869103.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.5B adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>EF117282.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain TW48-5 adhesion protein (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869120.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869104.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.5C adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869122.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5f adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869123.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5g adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869105.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.5D adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869124.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5h adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>AY679761.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain TW10-5 cytadherence-related protein p110 gene, partial cds
>JX869114.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.13M adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869126.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11j adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869128.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11l adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869127.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11k adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869116.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.13O adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857935.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.1 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869129.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.1m adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857936.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.2 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869115.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.13N adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857927.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3q adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857922.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2l adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857929.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3s adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869131.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.1o adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869108.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10G adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869125.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.9i adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857901.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.2c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869110.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10I adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869109.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10H adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857925.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2o adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857939.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.5 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869111.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10J adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857899.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.0a adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857928.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3r adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869112.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10K adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857921.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1k adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857904.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.2f adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857914.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857900.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.2b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857934.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3x adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857932.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3v adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857903.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.2e adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857926.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2p adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857881.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 64.0a adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857924.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2n adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857915.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1e adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857946.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 136.0c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857941.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.7 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857923.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2m adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857920.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1j adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857912.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857902.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 61.2d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857913.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857908.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 105.2d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857882.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 64.1b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869113.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain A52.10L adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857943.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.9 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857933.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3w adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857916.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1f adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857964.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 172.2e adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857954.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 165.0b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
 

Mycoplasma genitalium mgpC sequences from patient No. 126 from the National Center for Biotechnology Information

>JX857935.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.1 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857936.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.2 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857927.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3q adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857929.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3s adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857925.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2o adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857939.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.5 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857928.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3r adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857921.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1k adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857914.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857934.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3x adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857932.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3v adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857926.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2p adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857924.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2n adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857915.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1e adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857941.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.7 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857923.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2m adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857920.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1j adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857912.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857913.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.0c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857943.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.4.9 adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857933.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3w adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857916.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.1f adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857922.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.2l adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX857931.1 Mycoplasma genitalium isolate 126.3u adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
 

Mycoplasma genitalium mgpC sequences from patient No. 1125 from the National Center for Biotechnology Information

>JX869118.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5b adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869119.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5c adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869120.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5d adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869122.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5f adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869123.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5g adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869124.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5h adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869126.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11j adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869128.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11l adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869127.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11k adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869129.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.1m adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869131.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.1o adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869125.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.9i adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869121.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.5e adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds
>JX869132.1 Mycoplasma genitalium strain 1125.11p adhesion protein MG192 (mgpC) gene, partial cds