J Nutr Health JNH Journal of Nutrition and Health 2288-3886 2288-3959 The Korean Nutrition Society 10.4163/jnh.2017.50.6.543 Research Article Effects of fermented blueberry liquid in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice Jeon Jong-Hee 1 Kim Bohkyung 2 Mun Eun-Gyung 2 Cha Youn-Soo 2 Yu Ok-Kyeong 3 Department of Lifestyle-Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea. Department of Obesity Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea. To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-63-270-4672, okokyu@jbnu.ac.kr 12 2017 31 12 2017 50 6 543 551 01 08 2017 17 08 2017 21 09 2017 © 2017 The Korean Nutrition Society 2017 The Korean Nutrition Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose

The objective of the present study was to determine whether fermentation can increase the protective effects of blueberry liquid in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model.

 Methods

Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HD, 60% fat, w/w,), HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of blueberry liquid (BHD, blueberry high-fat diet), or HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid (FBHD, fermented blueberry high-fat diet) for 10 weeks.

 Results

There were significant decreases in the body, epididymal adipose tissue, and liver weights of blueberry-fed groups compared to HD, whereas there were no significant differences in food intake among the groups. Furthermore, blueberry liquid groups, especially fermented blueberry liquid, significantly attenuated the contents of hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol induced by HD. Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in the BHD and FBHD-fed groups, whereas FBHD significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level compared to the control. Concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and leptins in serum were also reduced by blueberry liquid supplementation. The mRNA expression of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly reduced in both the BHD and FBHD groups compared to HD. Furthermore, FBHD altered the mRNA expression level of hepatic lipolysis genes.

 Conclusion

In conclusion, these results suggest that blueberry, especially fermented blueberry liquid, may improve obesity-related abnormalities.

 high-fat diet fermented blueberry liquid anti-obesity C57BL/6J Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003052 R16030021210

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), Korea, under the “Regional Specialized Industry Development Program”(reference number R16030021210) supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT).

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Data are expressed as mean ± SD of 7 mice per group. Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). HD, hight-fat diet; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid Hepatic gene expressions in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks (a) lipogenic gene expression, (b) lipolysis-associated gene expression. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of 7 mice per group. Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). HD, hight-fat diet; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid. PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-gamma; C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer- binding protein-alpha; SREBP-1c, Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c; FAS, fatty acid synthase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxlyase; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; CPT1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-alpha; ACOX, acyl-CoA oxidase; PPARα peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-alpha Composition of experimental diet

BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration

 Primer sequences for quantitative real-time PCR

ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxlyase; ACOX, acyl-coA oxidase; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-alpha; CPT-1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-alpha; FAS, fatty acid synthase; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-gamma; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-alpha; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c

 Body weight and food intake of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks

1) HD, hight-fat diet control containing 60 kcal% fat; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration 2) Mean ± SD of 7 mice per group 3) Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). 4) Food efficiency ratio (%) = [Total weight gain / Total food intake] × 100

 Tissue weights and liver lipid levels of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks

1) HD, hight-fat diet control containing 60 kcal% fat; BHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of non-fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration; FBHD, hight-fat diet plus 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid by oral administration 2) Triglyceride 3) Total cholesterol 4) Values with different superscripts are significantly different by ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05).