jnh Journal of Nutrition and Health J Nutr Health 2288-3886 2288-3959 The Korean Nutrition Society 10.4163/jnh.2015.48.1.94 jnh-48-94 Research Article Dietary folate intake and food sources of children and adolescents in Chungcheong area - Using nutrient database revised by measured folate in selected foods∗ KimJi Hyun LeeEunjung HyunTaisun Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea †To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-43-261-2790, e-mail: taisun@chungbuk.ac.kr

This work was supported by the research grant of the Chungbuk National University in 2012.

 012015 19012015 48194 104 12January2015 30January2015 ∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗ Copyright © 2015 Korean Ophthalmological Society 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary folate intake and food sources of children and adolescents using a nutrient database revised based on measured folate in selected foods.

 Methods:

Folate content in 51 foods known as folate sources was measured by microbiological assay after trienzyme extraction. Folate intake was estimated from a part of the data of ‘Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents in 2007~2008’ conducted by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) and the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI). The study subjects were 567 children aged 1~19 years living in the Chungcheong area who completed two 24-hour recalls.

 Results:

Folate values were revised by replacing the values in the current database with the analyzed values except when the value in the current database was between the analytical values or was not different from the mean analytical value by more than 10%. Among the revised values of 40 food items, folate values of 36 foods were lower than the current values. Mean folate intakes estimated with the revised database were approximately 70~80% lower than those estimated with the current database. Mean folate intakes of males aged 12~14 and females aged 12~19 were lower than the 2010 Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs). Chicken's eggs, Kimchi, rice, mandarin, and laver were found to be main food sources of folate. Conclusion: In this study, mean dietary folate intakes were lower than those estimated with the current database. Further analyses for folate content especially in cooked foods commonly consumed in Korea are needed using a reliable assay in order to accurately assess folate intake of the Korean population. In addition, nutrition education should be provided for adolescent females in order to increase consumption of folate-rich foods.

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Percentage of dietary folate intake compared with 2010 Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs). ∗∗∗p < 0.001 : Significantly different between the values estimated using KNS database and revised database by paired t-test.

Folate content in selected foods

Food group Food Analyzed value (µg/100g) Current database (µg/100g) Analyzed value /value in KNS database (%) Decision to revise3)
Individual data Mean KNS1) USDA2)
Cereals and grain products Rice, cooked (쌀밥) 1.4/1.8/2.0 1.7 9.1 1~3 18.7 Y
Rice (쌀) 10.5/11.1/11.5 11.0 24.5 7~9 44.9 Y
Ramyon, cooked (라면) 9.4/11.5/11.9 10.9 23.44) - 46.6 Y
Corn (옥수수) 95.8/170.1 133.0 205.1 42 64.8 Y
Spaghetti, dried (스파게티, 마른것) ) 22.1/27.5 24.8 33.7 18 73.6 Y
Wheat flour (밀가루) 14.5/21.1 17.8 16.0 26 111.3 N
Loaf bread (식빵) 21.3/33.4 27.4 23.0 33 119.1 N
Potatoes and starches Sweet potato (고구마) 30.1/49.9 40.0 83.7 11 47.8 Y
Potato (감자) 22.4/24.1/33.8 26.8 27.3 18 98.2 N
Vegetables Kimchi, youlmu (열무김치) 38.1/47.8 43.0 164.3 - 26.1 Y
Tomato (토마토) 14.8/19.6 17.2 51.9 15 33.1 Y
Radish (무) 12.3/18.2/23.5 18.0 40.1 28 44.9 Y
Kimchi, Chinese cabbage (배추김 김치) 49.8/54.7 52.3 115.0 - 45.4 Y
Cabbage (양배추) 42.6/63.5 53.1 98.0 43 54.1 Y
Spinach (시금치) 209.8/213.0 211.4 293.6 194 72.0 Y
Green pepper (풋고추) 23.3/35.6 29.5 40.9 23 72.0 Y
Red pepper (홍고추) 81.3/139.6 110.5 152.7 23 72.3 Y
Chinese cabbage (배추) 79.3/93.3 86.3 116.6 79 74.0 Y
Perilla leaf (깻잎) 115.0/119.6 117.3 157.5 - 74.5 Y
Crown daisy (쑥갓) 204.0/204.7 204.4 271.0 177 75.4 Y
Welsh onion, large type (대파) 86.9/87.0 87.0 113.5 64 76.6 Y
Onion (양파) 12.6/14.4 13.5 17.0 19 79.4 Y
Lettuce, improved (상추, 개량종) 87.5/102.1 94.8 115.0 38~136 82.4 Y
Pumpkin, immature (애호박) 37.9/58.7 48.3 55.6 24 86.9 N
Garlic (마늘) 73.7/114.0 96.8 86.4 3 112.0 N
Mallow (아욱) 127.7/176.3 152.0 130.1 - 116.8 N
Kimchi, KKaK Du Ki (깍두기) 5.6/31.5 18.6 6.0 - 309.2 N
Kimchi, welsh onion (파김치) 49.2/54.2 51.7 16.1 - 321.1 Y
Fruits Orange juice (오렌지주스) 32.6/39.2 35.9 57.6 30 62.3 Y
Grape (포도) 10.9/25.5 18.2 27.7 4 65.7 Y
Muskmelon (참외) 50.7/76.8 63.8 64.2 - 99.4 N
Kiwi (키위) 57.5/71.5 64.5 49.4 25 130.6 Y
Mandarin (귤) 35.9/41.9 38.9 24.0 16 162.1 Y
Eggs Chicken's eggs (계란)5) 86.9/88.9/106.7/114 4.5 99.3 124.5 47 79.8 Y
Quail's eggs (메추리알)5) 201.3/212.6 207.0 231.3 66 89.5 Y
Meats and poultry Pork, loin(돼지고기, 등심)5) 0.4/1.6 1.0 4.0 1~5 25.0 Y
Dumpling, frozen (고기만두) 18.7/32.7 25.7 80.8 - 31.8 Y
Chicken meat (닭고기) 14.2/15.8 15.0 16.7 4~8 89.8 Y
Beef, rump (쇠고기, 우둔)5) 5.3/9.9 7.6 8.3 3~13 91.6 N
Milk and dairy products Cheese, processed (가공치즈)5) 9.4/21.8 9.9/9.9 15.6 9.9 61.0 32.1 7~27 - 25.6 30.8 Y Y
Yogurt, liquid type (액상요구르트) 9.9/9.9 9.9 32.1 - 30.8 YY
Cow's milk (우유) 4.2/5.0 4.6 9.7 5 47.4 Y
Yogurt, curd type (호상요구르트) 10.0/13.2 11.6 23.7 7~12 48.9 Y
Fishes and shell fishes Mackerel (고등어)5) 12.7/21.6 17.2 45.0 1~8 38.2 Y
Anchovy boiled-dried (멸치, 자건품 품) 63.5/94.6 79.1 107.5 - 73.5 Y
Little neck clam (바지락) 38.3/71.5 54.9 17.0 5 322.9 Y
Seaweeds Laver, dried (김) 769.2/905.0 837.0 1633.4 - 51.2 Y
Beverage Beer (맥주) 7.7/8.8 8.3 19.9 6 41.5 Y
Seasonings Soy sauce (간장) 7.0/39.6 23.3 45.4 13~18 51.3 Y
Fermented soybeans (청국장) 206.2/456.7 331.5 386.7 - 85.7 N
Soybean paste (된장) 58.0/96.8 77.4 89.4 - 86.6 N

1) The Korean Nutrition Society

2) U. S. Department of Agiculture

3) Y = Yes, N = No 4) Ramyon, instant, uncooked 5) Fat was removed before trienzyme extraction due to high fat content.

General characteristics of the subjects

Age (years) Gender Household income (10,000 won/month) Dietary supplement use Total
Male Female <200 200~300 >300 Yes No
1~2 24 (42.1)1) 33 (57.9) 12 (21.1) 28 (48.1) 17 (29.8) 16 (28.1) 41 (71.9) 57 (100.0)
3~5 48 (52.7) 43 (47.3) 18 (19.8) 46 (50.5) 27 (29.7) 32 (35.2) 59 (64.8) 91 (100.0)
6~8 38 (40.0) 57 (60.0) 17 (17.9) 50 (52.6) 28 (29.5) 32 (33.7) 63 (66.3) 95 (100.0)
9~11 44 (46.3) 51 (53.7) 23 (24.2) 43 (45.3) 29 (30.5) 20 (21.1) 75 (78.9) 95 (100.0)
12~14 61 (55.5) 49 (44.5) 26 (23.6) 57 (51.8) 27 (24.6) 22 (20.6) 88 (79.4) 110 (100.0)
15~19 63 (52.9) 56 (47.1) 34 (28.4) 57 (47.8) 28 (23.8) 11 (9.2) 108 (90.8) 119 (100.0)
Total 278 (49.9) 289 (50.1) 130 (22.9) 281 (49.6) 156 (27.5) 133 (23.5) 434 (76.5) 567 (100.0)

1) N (%)

Mean dietary intake of energy and folate

  Age (years) n Energy (kcal) KNS1) database Revised database t-value
Folate (µg) Folate (µg) Folic acid (µg) Total folate2) (µgDFE)3)
Children 1~2 3~5 57 91 1,143 (114)4) 1,441 (103) 271.0 ± 108.45) 318.8 ± 145.8 188.1 ± 97.2 225.6 ± 108.6 15.1 ± 40.6 4.6 ± 16.2 214.0 ± 91.9 234.3 ± 114.8 7.34∗∗∗ 13.36∗∗∗
3~5 91 1,441 (103) 318.8 ± 145.8 225.6 ± 108.6 40.6 4.6 ± 16.2 234.3 ± 114.8 13.36∗∗∗
Male 6~8 38 1,929 (121) 433.3 ± 209.6 293.5 ± 135.4 3.3 ± 11.7 300.7 ± 140.5 9.02∗∗∗
9~11 12~14 44 61 2,000 (105) 2,145 (89) 507.9 ± 222.4 503.0 ± 209.8 347.4 ± 144.2 350.0 ± 155.5 4.8 ± 15.5 4.7 ± 16.1 356.1 ± 144.6 359.8 ± 164.1 9.85∗∗∗ 15.17∗∗∗
12~14 61 2,145 (89) 503.0 ± 209.8 350.0 ± 155.5 4.7 ± 16.1 359.8 ± 164.1 15.17∗∗∗
15~19 63 2,446 (91) 573.1 ± 313.7 393.5 ± 231.9 2.2 ± 10.0 398.9 ± 235.2 13.89∗∗∗
Female 6~8 57 1,563 (104) 382.7 ± 167.2 277.0 ± 146.1 4.5 ± 13.9 285.3 ± 145.1 12.90∗∗∗
9~11 12~14 51 49 1,797 (106) 1,736 (87) 412.8 ± 143.9 432.4 ± 201.4 294.7 ± 111.2 293.1 ± 150.9 3.7 ± 10.8 1.1 ± 7.4 301.9 ± 113.1 296.1 ± 151.1 12.71∗∗∗ 12.59∗∗∗
12~14 49 1,736 (87) 432.4 ± 201.4 293.1 ± 150.9 1.1 ± 7.4 296.1 ± 151.1 12.59∗∗∗
15~19 56 1,788 (89) 447.9 ± 209.8 310.4 ± 146.4 4.2 ± 19.8 318.9 ± 147.4 11.63∗∗∗

1) The Korean Nutrition Society

2) Total folate = Folate + 1.7 × folic acid 3) DFE = Dietary Folate Equivalent 4) Percentage of Estimated Energy Requirement (%EER) 5) Mean ± SD ∗∗∗p < 0.001 : Significantly different between total folate intake estimated using KNS database and revised database by paired t-test.

Food sources of folate

Rank Food % of total folate Cumulative % Rank Food % of total folate Cumulative %
1~2 y (n = 57) 3~5 y (n = 91)
1 Soybean milk 12.3 12.3 1 Chicken's eggs 10.7 10.7
2 Infant formula milk powder 11.7 24.1 2 Rice 5.9 16.6
3 Chicken's eggs 11.0 35.1 3 Laver, dried 5.9 22.5
4 Rice 5.0 40.1 4 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 5.7 28.2
5 Strawberries 4.8 44.9 5 Mandarin 4.9 33.1
6 Laver, dried 4.2 49.1 6 Spinach 4.0 37.1
7 Cow's milk 3.6 52.7 7 Cow's milk 2.9 40.0
8 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 3.5 56.2 8 Quail's eggs 2.8 42.9
9 Sweet potato 3.3 59.4 9 Orange juice 2.2 45.1
10 Mandarin 2.8 62.2 10 Kiwi 2.2 47.3
6~8 y Male (n = 38) 6~8 y Female (n = 57)
1 Chicken's eggs 15.3 15.3 1 Chicken's eggs 9.4 9.4
2 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 10.3 25.5 2 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 8.3 17.7
3 Rice 5.4 31.0 3 Mandarin 6.4 24.1
4 Laver, dried 4.7 35.7 4 Spinach 5.6 29.7
5 Chinese cabbage 3.0 38.6 5 Rice 5.1 34.8
6 Spinach 2.9 41.6 6 Strawberries 4.9 39.7
7 Mandarin 2.6 44.2 7 Laver, dried 4.7 44.3
8 Welsh onion 2.2 46.4 8 Cereal 2.8 47.2
9 Black soybeans 2.2 48.6 9 Bean sprouts 2.7 49.9
10 Potato 2.2 50.8 10 Corn 2.2 52.1
9~11 y Male (n = 44) 9~11 y Female (n = 51)
1 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 11.3 11.3 1 Chicken's eggs 10.6 10.6
2 Chicken's eggs 10.2 21.5 2 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 10.3 20.9
3 Rice 5.6 27.1 3 Mandarin 7.3 28.2
4 Spinach 5.0 32.1 4 Rice 5.3 33.5
5 Mandarin 4.1 36.1 5 Spinach 4.8 38.3
6 Laver, dried 3.8 40.0 6 Laver, dried 3.2 41.5
7 Muskmelon 3.5 43.5 7 Welsh onion 3.0 44.6
8 Potato 3.2 46.7 8 Bean sprouts 2.7 47.3
9 Bean sprouts 3.2 49.9 9 Kiwi 2.3 49.6
10 Cereal 2.4 52.3 10 Cereal 2.2 51.8
12~14 y Male (n = 61) 12~14 y Female (n = 49)
1 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 12.0 12.0 1 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 15.1 15.1
2 Chicken's eggs 10.2 22.1 2 Chicken's eggs 8.7 23.7
3 Rice 5.4 27.5 3 Mandarin 5.8 29.6
4 Welsh onion 3.3 30.9 4 Rice 5.8 35.4
5 Mandarin 3.3 34.2 5 Laver, dried 3.9 39.3
6 Laver, dried 3.1 37.3 6 Sweet potato 3.3 42.6
7 Black soybeans 2.9 40.2 7 Welsh onion 2.8 45.4
8 Bean sprouts 2.5 42.7 8 Bean sprouts 2.5 47.9
9 Sweet potato 2.5 45.2 9 Potato 2.2 50.1
10 Cereal 2.4 47.5 10 Pumpkin, immature 2.0 52.1
15~19 y Male (n = 63) 15~19 y Female (n = 56)
1 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 14.4 14.4 1 Kimch, Chinese cabbage 10.7 10.7
2 Chicken's eggs 11.8 26.3 2 Chicken's eggs 8.5 19.3
3 Rice 5.5 31.8 3 Rice 5.3 24.6
4 Welsh onion 4.1 35.9 4 Welsh onion 3.7 28.3
5 Mandarin 3.7 39.6 5 Spinach 3.5 31.8
6 Spinach 2.9 42.6 6 Strawberries 3.0 34.8
7 Strawberries 2.9 45.5 7 Mandarin 2.7 37.5
8 Black soybeans 2.7 48.1 8 Bean sprouts 2.5 40.1
9 Bean sprouts 2.4 50.5 9 Orange juice 2.4 42.4
10 Chicken meat 2.1 52.6 10 Laver, dried 2.4 44.8