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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">acm</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annals of Clinical Microbiology</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>Ann Clin Microbiol</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2288-0585</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2288-6850</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Society of Clinical Microbiology</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5145/ACM.2013.16.3.134</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">acm-16-134</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Survey of Intestinal Parasite Infection during a 10-Year Period (2003-2012)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Young-Eun</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-acm-16-134"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Huh</surname><given-names>Hee Jae</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-acm-16-134"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>Yu-Yean</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-acm-16-134"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Nam Yong</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-acm-16-134"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-acm-16-134"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-acm-16-134" xml:lang="en">Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-acm-16-134">Correspondence: Nam Yong Lee, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea. (Tel) 82-2-3410-2706, (Fax) 82-2-3410-2719, (E-mail) <email>micro.lee@samsung.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date>
<volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue>
<fpage>134</fpage><lpage>139</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2013</year></date>
<date date-type="revised"><day>8</day><month>08</month><year>2013</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2013</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2013 The Korean Society of Clinical Microbiology</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license>
</permissions>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Due to a reduction in the number of parasite infections, attention paid to the importance of intestinal parasites has decreased. However, intestinal parasite infections remain ubiquitous and have reappeared as a growing problem in recent decades due to changing lifestyles such as increased over-seas travel. In this study, we evaluated trends in intestinal parasite infection using stool examination in a single institute.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>From January 2003 to December 2012, we reviewed all stool examination results performed at Samsung Medical Center. Fecal examinations were performed by formalin-ether sedimentation.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>A total 429,866 stool examinations were performed resulting in 14,672 cases with positive find-ings of helminth eggs or protozoan cysts, of which the positive rate was 3.41% on average. The annual positive rate decreased from 5.68% in 2003 to 2.43% in 2012. The positive rate of intestinal parasites, ex-cepting <italic>Endolimax nana</italic> and <italic>Entamoeba coli</italic>, was 1.52% on average. Positive rates decreased from 2.13% to 1.10% for helminth egg detections and from 2.55% to 1.30% for protozoan cyst detections during the same time period. Among nematodes, <italic>Trichuris tricuria</italic> was the most common and had an increasing positive rate after 2010. <italic>Clonorchis sinensis</italic> was the most prevalent trematode parasite, with an annual average of 528 cases.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Infection rates of intestinal parasites have decreased over the last 10 years. However, <italic>Trichuris tricuria</italic> has reappeared and has become a major con-tributor to parasite infections. Further education and control efforts are needed for greater prevention and eventual eradication of parasitic infections. <bold>(Ann Clin</bold></p>
</sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Helminths</kwd>
<kwd>Korea</kwd>
<kwd>Parasites</kwd>
<kwd>Protozoa</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Trichuris</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back><ref-list xml:lang="en"><!--acm-16-134.xml-->
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<!--acm-16-134.xml--><sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Figures and Tables</title>
<fig id="F1-acm-16-134" position="anchor">
<label>Fig. 1.</label>
<caption xml:lang="en"><p>Annual positive rates of intestinal parasites including helminth eggs and protozoan cysts from 2003 to 2012.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="acm-16-134f1.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F2-acm-16-134" position="anchor">
<label>Fig. 2.</label>
<caption xml:lang="en"><p>Annual positive rates of major parasites species from 2003 to 2012.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="acm-16-134f2.tif"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-acm-16-134" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption xml:lang="en"><p>Results of fecal examinations for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts from 2003 to 2012</p></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="all">
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="left">Species</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2003</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2004</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2005</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2006</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2007</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2008</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2009</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2010</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2011</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">2012</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Annual average</th>
<th valign="middle" align="center">Total</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="13">Nematode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Ascaris lumbricoides</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">8 (0.02)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1.9 (0.005)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Trichuris trichiura</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">21 (0.08)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">32 (0.07)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">15 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">32 (0.07)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">17 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">44 (0.08)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">53 (0.09)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">234 (0.48)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">215 (0.38)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">137 (0.24)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">80 (0.15)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">0.6 (0.001)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Anisakis</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">0.4 (0.001)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="13">Trematode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Clonorchis sinensis</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">509 (1.92)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">566 (1.3)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">430 (0.97)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">490 (1.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">313 (0.71)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">575 (1.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">651 (1.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">774 (1.37)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">565 (0.99)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">407 (0.71)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">528 (1.125)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">5,280</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Metagonimus yokogawai</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">27 (0.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">21 (0.05)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">26 (0.06)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">11 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">16 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">21 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">15 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">18 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">57 (0.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">52 (0.09)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">26.4 (0.056)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">264</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Paragonimus westermani</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">7 (0.02)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">10 (0.02)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2.5 (0.006)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Gymnophalloides seoi</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">6 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">26 (0.05)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">21 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">5.3 (0.009)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">53</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="13">Cestode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Diphyllobothrium latum</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">4 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1.3 (0.003)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Sparganum</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">0.2 (0.001)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Total no. of helminth</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">563 (2.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">629 (1.44)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">490 (1.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">538 (1.24)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">350 (0.8)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">644 (1.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">727 (1.26)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,036 (1.84)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">865 (1.51)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">624 (1.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">646.6 (1.36)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">6,466</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="13">Protozoa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Endolimax nana</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">685 (2.59)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">904 (2.07)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">625 (1.4)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">635 (1.46)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">610 (1.39)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">859 (1.51)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">871 (1.51)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">586 (1.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">587 (1.02)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">554 (0.97)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">691.6 (1.498)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">6,916</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Entamoeba coli</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">174 (0.66)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">187 (0.43)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">186 (0.42)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">181 (0.42)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">151 (0.34)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">256 (0.45)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">240 (0.42)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">194 (0.34)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">197 (0.34)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">161 (0.28)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">192.7 (0.41)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,927</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Entamoeba histolytica</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">10 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">19 (0.04)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">15 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">22 (0.05)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">15 (0.03)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">7 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">8.8 (0.021)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">88</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Giardia lamblia</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">70 (0.26)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">70 (0.16)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">50 (0.11)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">73 (0.17)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">50 (0.11)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">90 (0.16)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">74 (0.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">59 (0.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">75 (0.13)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">43 (0.08)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">65.4 (0.142)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">654</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Thelaziasis orientalis</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">0.2 (0.001)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">&#x2003;<italic>Iodamoeba beutschlii</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.01)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">0.1 (0.001)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Total no. of protozoa</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">939 (3.55)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,180 (2.71)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">876 (1.97)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">911 (2.1)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">826 (1.88)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,212 (2.13) 1</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,187 (2.06)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">839 (1.49)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">860 (1.5)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">758 (1.33)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">958.8 (2.07)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">9,588</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Total no. of parasite</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,502 (5.68)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,809 (4.15)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,366 (3.07)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,449 (3.34)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,176 (2.68)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,856 (3.26) 1</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,914 (3.32)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,875 (3.33)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,725 (3.01)1</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,382 (2.43)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,605.4 (3.43)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">16,054</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Total no. of parasite except <italic>E. nana</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic></td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">643 (2.43)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">718 (1.65)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">555 (1.25)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">633 (1.46)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">415 (0.94)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">741 (1.3)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">803 (1.39)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">1,095 (1.94)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">941 (1.64)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">667 (1.17)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">721.1 (1.52)</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">7,211</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left">Total no. of fecal examination</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">26,452</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">43,603</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">44,514</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">43,347</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">43,921</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">56,849</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">57,607</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">56,301</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">57,272</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">56,946</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">48,6814</td>
<td valign="middle" align="center">486,812</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</back>
</article>