JKACHN Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 1225-9594 2288-4203 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.359 jkachn-28-359 Original Article Gender Differences in the Effects of Weight, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction on Depression in Adolescents RaJin Suk1 KimHye Sun2 RyuJeong Lim2 College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea Graduate School, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea Corresponding author: Ryu, Jeong Lim College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwaro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea. Tel: +82-42-538-8333, Fax: +82-42-580-8309, E-mail: ryujeong312@hanmail.net 122017 12122017 28 4 359 365 15052017 22092017 23092017 Copyright © 2017 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Purpose

This study aims to investigate gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and weight, weight perception, and body satisfaction among Korean adolescents.

 Methods

A secondary data analysis was performed on data from 33,374 adolescents who participated in the 2015 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. They were classified as underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; weight perception was classified into perception of being underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; and weight satisfaction into desire to gain weight, satisfied, and desire to lose weight.

 Results

Among boys, perception of being underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07~1.35) and desire to gain weight (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30~1.62) were associated with depression. Among girls, perception of being overweight or obese (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07~ 1.29) and a desire to lose weight (AOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18~1.42) were associated with depression.

 Conclusion

Gender differences were observed in the association between weight perception and depression in adolescents. The perception of being underweight among boys and the perception of being overweight/overweight among girls were associated with depression. Thus, gender-specific intervention programs to correct weight perception and weight satisfaction are needed in order to relieve depressive symptoms in adolescents.

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Characteristics of Participants Regarding Depressive Symptoms, Weight, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Covariates related to Depressive Symptoms (N=33,374)

Variable Categories Boys (n=17,369) Girls (n=16,005)
n† (%)‡ n† (%)‡
Grade 1st year 5,432 (29.3) 5,085 (37.4)
2nd year 5,880 (33.2) 5,264 (33.3)
3rd year 6,057 (37.5) 5,656 (29.3)
Residence area Rural areas 1,419 (6.5) 1,338 (6.0)
Small and medium cities 8,251 (50.3) 7,551 (50.6)
Metropolitan cities 7,699 (43.1) 7,116 (43.3)
Experience of alcohol consumption Yes 5,202 (30.2) 3,417 (21.2)
No 12,167 (69.8) 12,588 (78.8)
Experience of smoking Yes 2,429 (13.9) 819 (5.0)
No 14,940 (86.1) 15,186 (95.0)
Academic achievement Low 5,632 (32.4) 5,087 (31.2)
Middle 4,527 (25.6) 4,247 (26.5)
High 7,210 (42.0) 6,671 (42.3)
Economic status of household Low 1,942 (10.7) 2,051 (12.0)
Middle 7,515 (42.8) 7,633 (47.0)
High 7,912 (46.6) 6,321 (41.0)
Perceived health status Unhealthy 552 (3.3) 705 (4.2)
Fair 2,779 (15.9) 3,515 (22.0)
Healthy 14,038 (80.8) 11,785 (73.7)
Perceived happiness Unhappy 1,005 (6.1) 1,117 (6.9)
Fair 3,545 (20.8) 4,051 (25.3)
Happy 12,819 (73.2) 10,837 (67.8)
Stress experience (in a month) Yes 12,181 (70.7) 12,858 (80.4)
No 5,188 (29.3) 3,147 (19.6)
Weight (BMI percentile) Underweight 1,006 (6.0) 718 (4.6)
Overweight and obese 2,711 (15.1) 2,316 (13.4)
Normal weight 13,652 (78.9) 12,971 (82.0)
Weight perception Underweight 5,862 (34.2) 3,510 (22.1)
Overweight and obese 5,479 (31.2) 6,150 (37.6)
Normal weight 6,028 (34.7) 6,345 (40.3)
Weight satisfaction Desire to lose weight 3,792 (21.9) 6,929 (43.4)
Desire to gain weight 1,817 (10.4) 367 (2.2)
Satisfied 11,760 (67.7) 8,709 (54.4)
Depressive symptoms Yes 2,870 (16.6) 4,082 (25.7)
No 14,499 (83.4) 11,923 (74.3)

BMI=body mass index;

Unweighted;

Weighted.

Association of Body Mass Index, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction with Depressive Symptoms

Variables Categories Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Boys Weight (BMI percentile) (Ref. normal weight)

Underweight

Overweight and obese

1.12 (0.94~1.33)

0.98 (0.87~1.11)

1.02 (0.85~1.23)

0.96 (0.83~1.11)

Weight perception (Ref. normal weight)

Underweight

Overweight and obese

1.17 (1.06~1.30)*

1.04 (0.92~1.17)

1.20 (1.07~1.35)**

0.95 (0.83~1.09)

Weight satisfaction (Ref. satisfied)

Desire to lose weight

Desire to gain weight

1.33 (1.20~1.48)***

1.27 (1.11~1.45)**

1.45 (1.30~1.62)***

1.15 (0.99~1.34)

Girls Weight (BMI percentile) (Ref. normal)

Underweight

Overweight and obese

1.06 (0.87~1.28)

0.91 (0.81~1.02)

1.19 (0.97~1.47)

0.93 (0.82~1.06)

Weight perception (Ref. normal weight)

Underweight

Overweight and obese

1.16 (1.06~1.26)**

1.23 (1.10~1.37)***

1.03 (0.90~1.18)

1.18 (1.07~1.29)**

Weight satisfaction (Ref. satisfied)

Desire to lose weight

Desire to gain weight

1.24 (1.14~1.35)***

1.35 (1.08~1.71)*

1.30 (1.18~1.42)***

1.22 (0.95~1.56)

Adjusted for grade, residence area, experience of alcohol consumption, smoking experience, academic achievement, economic status of household, perceived health status, perceived happiness, and stress; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref.=reference group; BMI=body mass index; *p＜.05, **p＜.01, ***p＜.001; Negelkerke R2 in Model 4 with boys=.36, Negelkerke R2 in Model 4 with girls=.28.