JKAOH Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health J Korean Acad Oral Health 1225-388X 2093-7784 Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health 10.11149/jkaoh.2016.40.2.85 jkaoh-40-85 Original Article Association of the number of existing permanent teeth with the intake of macronutrients and macrominerals in adults aged 55-84 years based on the 5th KNHNES (2010-2012) JunEun-Joo1 ChoHyun-Hee1 KimSe-Yeon12 KimHan-Na3 KimJin-Bom12 Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea Corresponding Author: Jin-Bom Kim Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea Tel: +82-51-510-8223 Fax: +82-51-510-8221 E-mail: jbomkim@pusan.ac.kr 062016 15062016 402 8591 11032016 26042016 20052016 Copyright © 2016 by Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health 2016 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between energy sources, fiber and mineral intake, and the number of existing permanent teeth in adults aged 55-84 years from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) (2010-2012).

 Methods

The subjects included 6,763 people who received oral examinations and answered questions on household income, smoking status and diet. We estimated the number of existing permanent teeth and food intake according to age group, sex, household income, and smoking status. A complex samples general linear model was applied to analyze the effect of nutrient intake on the number of existing permanent teeth adjusted for sex, household income, smoking status, and food intake. We calculated the mean intake of nutrients related to the number of existing permanent teeth in each tooth group.

 Results

The reduction in the number of existing permanent teeth correlated with an increased carbohydrate intake and a decreased potassium intake. The carbohydrate intake was lower in subjects with 25 or more teeth than that in subjects with 9 or less teeth. Potassium intake was higher in subjects with 20 or more teeth.

 Conclusions

The number of existing permanent teeth showed a negative correlation with carbohydrate intake and a positive correlation with potassium intake. We should reduce carbohydrate intake and increased potassium intake from fruits and vegetables to prevent systemic disease caused by tooth loss.

 Carbohydrate Mineral Nutrient Permanent teeth Potassium References KimHNHaTGKimMJJunEJJeongSHKimJBFactors related to number of present teeth in Korean elderly adults aged 55-84 yearsInt J Dent Hygiene2015Apr 10 [Epub]. DOI:10.1111/ idh.12151 WaylerAHChaunceyHHImpact of complete dentures and impaired natural dentition on masticatory performance and food choice in healthy aging menJ Prosthet Dent198349427433 ShinBMJungSHSocio-economic inequalities in tooth loss and chewing difficulty in the Korean elderlyJ Korean Acad Oral Health201236195202 ParkJEAnHJJungSULeeYNKimCIJangYACharacteristics of the dietary intake of Korean elderly by chewing ability using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010J Nutr Health201346285295 HuttonBFeineJMoraisJIs there an association between edentulism and nutrition state?J Am Dent Assoc200268182187 JoshipursKJWillettWCDouglassCWThe impact of edentu-lousness on food intake and nutrient intakeJ Am Dent Assoc1996127459467 WakaiKNaitoMNaitoTKojimaMNakagakiHUmemuraOTooth loss and intakes of nutrients and foods: a nationwide survey of Japanese dentistsCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol2010384349 ZhuYHollisJHTooth loss and its association with dietary intake and diet quality in American adultsJ Dent20144214281435 BeckJDOffenbacherSThe association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases: a state-of-the-science reviewAnn Periodontol20016915 HungHCColditzGJoshipuraKJThe association between tooth loss and the self-reported intake of selected CVD-related nutirents and food among US womenCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol200533167173 YamoriMNjelekelaMMtabajiJYamoriYBesshoKHypertension, periodontal disease, and potassium intake in nonsmoking, nondrinker African women on no medicationInt J Hypertens2011Jun 15 [Epub]. DOI:10.4061/2011/695719 The Korean Nutrition SocietyDietary Reference Intakes For Koreans 2015 (Summary)SeoulMinistry of Health & Welfare2015vixi Korea Centers for Disease Control and PreventionThe Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V)SeoulMinistry of Health & Welfare2010-2012 PaekKWLeeSJCorrelation between vitamin C intake and periodontal disease: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010J Korean Acad Oral Health2014388289 WonYSChoiCHOhHNRisk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adultsJ Korean Acad Oral Health201438176183 KimGSKimBOParkJSYeonJALeeMHLeeCHTextbook in Technology and Home Economics for First Year Middle SchoolSeoulWon Textbook Co.20166970 ShinBMBaeSMRyuDYChoiYKThe relationship between the numbers of natural teeth and nutritional status of elderly in Korea-based on 2007-2009 national health and nutrition survey dataJ Korean Soc Dent Hyg201212521531 SheihamASteeleJGMarcenesWLoweCFinchSBatesCJThe relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older peopleJ Dent Res200180408413 Nowjack-RaymerRESheihamAAssociation of edentulism and diet and nutrition in US adultsJ Dent Res200382123126 KimHYLeeHJParkCEKimYSStudy on the dietary behavior and local products for menu development of the elderly in Yeongi ChungnamKorean J Food Culture200722775782 KimKMKwonJSNutritional and health status of the elderly living in songnam Ⅱ. Dietary habits and nutrient intakesKorean J Food & Nutr200417420428 HuFBPlant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overviewAm J Clin Nutr200378544S551S HeFJNowsonCAMacGregorGAFruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studiesLancet2006367320326 ShibataTMurakamiTNakagakiHNaritaNGoshimaMSugiyamaTCalcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium intakes in Japanese children aged 3 to 5 yearsAsia Pac J Clin Nutr200817441445 VormannJRemerTDietary, metabolic, physiologic, and disease-related aspects of acid-base balance: foreword to the contributions of the Second International Acid-Base SymposiumJ Nutr2008138413S414S FrassettoLAMorrisRCSellmeyerDESebastianAAdverse effects of sodium chloride on bone in the aging human population resulting from habitual consumption of typical American dietsJ Nutr2008138419S422S ChoiMJBone Health and Calcium, Vitamin D, Potassium: Shortfall Nutrients in KoreanKorean J Obes201322129136 Tables

General characteristics of subjects by age

Variables Contents Total
 55-64
 65-74
 75-84
 P
N % N % N % N %
Total 6,763 100.0 2,875 50.0 2,655 33.4 1,233 16.6
Gender Male 2,905 45.2 1,227 48.9 1,188 44.5 490 35.6 <0.001
Female 3,858 54.8 1,648 51.1 1,467 55.5 743 64.4
Household income* Low 2,540 34.9 513 17.3 1,268 47.9 759 61.7 <0.001
Middle-low 1,798 26.8 814 28.0 732 28.3 252 20.0
Middle-high 1,271 20.4 758 28.0 394 14.4 119 9.8
high 1,154 17.9 790 26.7 261 9.5 103 8.5
Smoking Current 911 15.3 437 18.3 341 13.1 133 10.3 <0.001
Stop 1,781 27.0 677 26.1 738 27.6 366 28.3
Never 4,071 57.8 1,761 55.5 1,576 59.3 734 61.4

The data was analysed by complex samples crosstabs. *Household income: Quartile of monthly income/ the number of people per family.

The number of existing permanent teeth and food intake according to variables

Variables Contents Number of teeth
 P Food intake (g/day)
 P
Mean SE Mean SE
Total 19.96 0.18 <0.001 1,278.86 16.68
Age 55-64 23.15a 0.18 1,466.66a 22.26 <0.001
65-74 18.66b 0.24 1,179.30b 20.24
75-84 12.95c 0.34 914.03c 17.85
Gender* Male 20.16 0.21 0.177 1,485.18 21.21 <0.001
Female 19.79 0.19 1,108.58 16.84
Household income* Low 19.00a 0.24 <0.001 1,169.61a 22.92 <0.001
Middle-low 19.97b 0.28 1,229.32a 27.22
Middle-high 20.86c 0.32 1,351.65b 29.07
high 20.78c 0.29 1,482.86c 31.04
Smoking* Current 17.37a 0.38 <0.001 1,360.00a 38.21 <0.001
Stop 20.62b 0.24 1,502.96b 25.82
Never 20.33b 0.17 1,152.79c 16.63

The data was analysed by complex samples general linear model. *Covariates appearing in the model are fixed at the following values: age=65.77.

bcGroups with different letters were significantly different (P<0.05).

Effect of variables on the number of existing permanent teeth

Variables Estimate SE P R2
Energy intake (kcal/day) ―0.0006 0.00 0.041 0.212
Protein (g/day) 0.0051 0.01 0.353 0.211
Fat (g/day) 0.0027 0.01 0.638 0.211
Carbohydrate (g/day) ―0.0037 0.00 0.004 0.213
Fiber (g/day) 0.0253 0.01 0.046 0.212
Calcium (mg/day) 0.0004 0.00 0.396 0.211
Phosphorus (mg/day) 0.0007 0.00 0.124 0.212
Sodium (mg/day) 0.0000 0.00 0.880 0.211
Potassium (mg/day) 0.0004 0.00 0.001 0.213

The data was analysed by complex samples general linear model. Model: The number of existing permanent teeth=(Intercept)+gender+ household income+smoking status+age+food intake+variable. Bold values denote statistical significance at P<0.05.

Linear relationships between variables and the number of existing permanent teeth (R2=0.217)

Variables Contents Estimate SE P
(Intercept) 50.3537 1.23 <0.001
Gender Male 2.1177 0.39 <0.001
Female Ref.
Household income Low ―1.1561 0.38 0.002
Middle-low ―.4968 0.38 0.189
Middle-high .2400 0.41 0.561
high Ref.
Smoking Current ―4.5755 0.47 <0.001
Stop ―1.6377 0.37 <0.001
Never Ref.
Age ―.4544 0.02 <0.001
Food intake (g) .0002 0.00 0.568
Energy intake (kcal) .0002 0.00 0.762
Protein (g) ―.0138 0.01 0.194
Fat (g) ―.0050 0.01 0.553
Carbohydrate (g) ―.0076 0.00 0.002
Fiber (g) .0108 0.02 0.548
Calcium (mg) ―.0007 0.00 0.191
Phosphorus (mg) .0019 0.00 0.034
Sodium (mg) .0000 0.00 0.972
Potassium (mg) .0004 0.00 0.005

The data was analysed by complex samples general linear model. Model: The number of existing permanent teeth=(Intercept)+gender+ho usehold income+smoking status+age+ food intake+energy intake+protei n+fat+carbohydrate+fiber+calcium+ phosphorus+sodium+potassium. Bold values denote statistical significance at P<0.05.

Intake of carbohydrate, potassium by age group

Age Carbohydrate energy (%)* Carbohydrate (g)†
 P Potassium (mg)†
 P
Mean SE Mean SE
Total 73.4 316.57 2.69 <0.001 2,843.45 28.50 0.140
55-64 69.7 323.05 4.00 Ref. 2,862.49 40.48 Ref.
65-74 74.1 323.21 3.34 0.980 2,878.36 37.24 0.812
75-84 76.4 303.46 7.52 0.065 2,789.50 77.55 0.505

The data was analysed by complex samples general linear model. Carbohydrate intake (g)×4 kcal×100/energy intake (kcal)

. Covariates appearing in the model are fixed at the following values: age=65.77, P<0.05.

Covariates appearing in the model are fixed at the following values: age=65.77; food intake=1278.86.

Intake of carbohydrate and potassium by the number of existing permanent teeth

Number of teeth7) Carbohydrate energy (%)* Carbohydrate (g)†
 P Potassium (mg)†
 P
Mean SE Mean SE
Total 72.8 321.69 1.96 0.022 2,827.10 21.63 0.001
0-9 74.7 324.42 3.63 Ref. 2,732.08 41.75 Ref.
10-19 73.4 325.97 3.65 0.732 2,790.53 38.86 0.229
20-24 72.6 321.85 2.98 0.556 2,849.55 39.34 0.018
25-32 70.6 314.52 2.55 0.022 2,936.25 26.08 <0.001

The data was analysed by complex samples general linear model. Carbohydrate intake (g)×4 kcal×100/energy intake (kcal)

. Covariates appearing in the model are fixed at the following values: age=65.77, P<0.05. Covariates appearing in the model are fixed at the following values: age=65.77; food intake=1278.86.