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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jr</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Rhinology</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title>J Rhinol</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1229-1498</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2384-4361</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Journal of Rhinology</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18787/jr.2016.23.2.75</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jr-23-75</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Clinical Implications of Snoring</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Seok Hyun</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1-jr-23-75"/>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-jr-23-75"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1-jr-23-75">Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-jr-23-75">&#xAD50;&#xC2E0;&#xC800;&#xC790;&#xFF1A;&#xC870;&#xC11D;&#xD604;, 04763 &#xC11C;&#xC6B8; &#xC131;&#xB3D9;&#xAD6C; &#xC655;&#xC2ED;&#xB9AC;&#xB85C; 222-1 &#xD55C;&#xC591;&#xB300;&#xD559;&#xAD50; &#xC758;&#xACFC;&#xB300;&#xD559; &#xC774;&#xBE44;&#xC778;&#xD6C4;-&#xB450;&#xACBD;&#xBD80;&#xC678;&#xACFC;&#xD559;&#xAD50;&#xC2E4; Tel: &#x002B;82-2-2290-8580, Fax: &#x002B;82-2-2293-3335, E-mail: <email>shcho@hanyang.ac.kr</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>01</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2016 Journal of Rhinology</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Snoring is the most common symptom, along with increased daytime sleepiness, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, doctors often neglect snoring in clinical practice, and snoring is not addressed in the treatment guidelines of OSA. Therefore, study about snoring and its clinical implications in sleep medicine are needed. The natural history of snoring shows that snoring can evolve into OSA, and the most important risk factors for this continuum are obesity and male sex. Snoring can be a social problem causing annoyance and family difficulties. Animal and human studies have shown that snoring involves the four injury mechanisms of upper airway inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, parasympathetic hypofunction, and endothelial injury. Previous studies have reported that systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiac diseases were comorbid with snoring. However, most of these studies enrolled patients characterized by survey or questionnaire; therefore, data were biased with effects of OSA. Thus, consensus on the definition and detection of snoring is lacking. Additional studies are required to determine the exact clinical implications of snoring.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Snoring</kwd>
<kwd>Pathogenesis</kwd>
<kwd>Injury</kwd>
<kwd>Clinical</kwd>
<kwd>Comorbidity.</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list xml:lang="en">
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<sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Figures and Tables</title>
<fig id="f1-jr-23-75" position="anchor">
<label>Fig. 1.</label>
<caption xml:lang="en"><p>Snoring events and index in nocturnal polysomnography (Allis 5).</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jr-23-75f1.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f2-jr-23-75" position="anchor">
<label>Fig. 2.</label>
<caption xml:lang="en"><p>Snoring-related injury mechanisms, pathogenesis, and disease manifestations.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jr-23-75f2.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</back>
</article>
