Hanyang Med Rev HMR Hanyang Medical Reviews 1738-429X 2234-4446 Hanyang University School of Medicine 10.7599/hmr.2013.33.4.221 Review Article Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the Cardiovascular Diseases Shin Jinho Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Correspondence to: Jinho Shin. Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-792, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2290-8308, Fax: +82-2-2299-0278, jhs2003@hanyang.ac.kr 11 2013 25 11 2013 33 4 221 226 25 08 2013 16 10 2013 24 10 2013 © 2013 Hanyang University College of Medicine 2013 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) has known to be associated with obesity, hypoxemia, sympathetic activation, and hypertension. In addition, SAS is associated with various mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases, such as oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, smoking, and psychological stress. In recent prospective observation studies, SAS is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, i.e., heart failure, stroke, and coronary artery diseases. The association with heart failure was most evident. In some participants in the longitudinal study applied with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, SAS was not associated with prognosis. With the viewpoints in the current standard of cardiovascular medicine, there seems to be few evidence showing that CPAP treatment could prevent or improve cardiovascular outcome. Detailed review of the limitations of the prospective observational studies suggests that more sophisticated measurement of the clinical outcomes and adjustment of confounding factors will be required in the future studies. And for the clinical application, more evidence of CPAP treatment on the cardiovascular outcomes are mandatory.

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