J Korean Acad Prosthodont JKAP The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 0301-2875 2005-3789 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 10.4047/jkap.2012.50.3.184 Original Article Absorbed and effective dose for periapical radiography using portable and wall type dental X-ray machines Han Won-Jeong DDS PhD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea. Corresponding Author: Won-Jeong Han. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Korea. +82 041 550 1923: wonjeonghan@gmail.com 07 2012 31 07 2012 50 3 184 190 13 07 2012 18 07 2012 19 07 2012 Copyright © 2012 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics 2012 Purpose

The purpose of this study was to measure the absorbed dose and to calculate the effective dose for one periapical radiography using the portable and wall type dental X-ray machines.

 Materials and methods

Thermoluminescent chips were placed at 25 sites throughout the layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent human skull phantom. The man phantom was exposed with the portable and wall type dental X-ray machines. For one periapical radiography taken by portable dental X-ray machine, the exposure setting was 60 kVp, 2 mA and 0.2 seconds, while for one periapical radiography taken by wall type dental X-ray machine, exposure setting was 70 kVp, 8 mA and 0.074 seconds. Absorbed dose measurements were performed and equivalent doses to individual organs were summed using ICRP 103 to calculate effective dose.

 Results

In the upper anterior periapical radiography using portable dental X-ray machine and in the lower posterior periapical radiography using both machines, the highest absorbed dose was recorded at the mandible body. The effective dose in upper anterior periapical radiography using portable and wall type dental X-ray machines was 4 µSv, 2 µSv, respectively. In the lower posterior periapical radiography, the effective dose for each portable and wall type dental X-ray machines was 6 µSv, 2 µSv.

 Conclusion

It was recommended that the operator use prudently potable dental X-ray machine because that the effective dose in the periapical radiography using wall type dental X-ray machine was lower than that in the periapical radiography using portable dental X-ray machine.

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ART - man phantom consisted of ten 2.5 cm horizontal sections which numbered from 1 to 9.

TLD chips in the container (left) and Harshaw TLD reader system (right).

Portable dental X-ray machine (AnyRay-P, Vatech Co., Hwasung, Korea).

Wall-type dental X-ray machine (Kodak2200 intraoral X-ray system, Carestream Health, Inc., Rochester, USA).

Locations of TLD chips in phantom

Exposure parameters for periapical and panoramic radiography

Estimated percentage of tissue irradiated and TLDs used to calculated mean dose to a tissue or organ

Tissue-weighting factors for calculation of effective dose - ICRP 2007 recommendation

*Adrenals, extrathoracic region, gall bladder, heart, kidneys, lymphatic nodes, oral mucosa, pancreas, prostate, small intestine, spleen, thymus and uterus/cervix. Italicized text represents remainder tissues used for calculation of maxillofacial dose.

Absorbed dose to tissues/organs in head and neck from periapical radiography using the portable and wall-type dental X-ray machine (µGy)

Equivalent dose to tissues/organs in head and neck from full-mouth periapical radiography using the portable and wall-type dental x-ray machine (µSv)

Effective dose from radiographic examination for periapical images using portable and wall-type dental X-ray machine (µSv)