J Korean Acad Nurs JKAN Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005-3673 2093-758X Korean Society of Nursing Science 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.589 Original Article Factors Influencing Problem and Pathological Gambling in Participants of Horse Race Gambling Hyun Mi-Yeul Cho Ok-Hee College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Korea. Address reprint requests to: Cho, Ok-Hee. College of Nursing, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3887, Fax: +82-64-702-2686, ohcho@jejunu.ac.kr 08 2012 31 08 2012 42 4 589 598 11 11 2011 27 07 2012 © 2012 Korean Society of Nursing Science 2012 Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for pathological gambling of horse race participants.

 Methods

The participants, 508 horse race gamblers, completed the DSM-IV criteria of pathological gambling, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and Symptom Checklist-47-Revision (SCL-47-R). Data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analyses. Behaviors related to horse racing, alcohol abuse, and mental health were analyzed between problem or pathological gamblers compared to recreational gamblers.

 Results

The prevalence rates of recreational, problem, and pathological gambling were 36.6%, 39.4%, and 24.0%, respectively. Frequency of gambling (≥4/day), frequency of racetrack visiting (≥3/month), accompaniment (alone), and mental health (SCL-47-R scores) were all associated with increased risks of problem and pathological gambling. Expenditure on betting (≥200,000 won/day) and alcohol abuse (AUDIT-K 8-20 scores) group members had higher levels of gambling pathology than recreational gamblers.

 Conclusion

Problem and pathological gambling are highly associated with alcohol abuse and mental health disorders, suggesting that clinicians should carefully evaluate this population.

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Demographic Characteristics of Recreational, Problem, and Pathological Gamblers (N=508)

Betting-related Behaviors of Recreational, Problem, and Pathological Gamblers (N=508)

Comparison of Alcohol Abuse and Mental Health among Recreational, Problem, and Pathological Gamblers (N=508)

AUDIT-K=Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test; SCL-47-R=symptom checklist-47-revision.

*There were significant differences in all results of post-hoc analysis (Bonferroni test) between groups (p < .05).

Risk Factors of Problem and Pathological Gambling by Using Univariate Analysis (N=508)

OR=odds ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval; AUDIT-K=Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test; SCL-47-R=symptom checklist-47-revision.

Reference group: 1. gender: female, 2. age: ≤ 40 years, 3. education:< university, 4. employment: employed, 5. residence of Jeju province: non-residents, 6. age at first gambling:< 30 years, 7. frequency of gambling:< 4/day, 8. frequency of visits to racetrack:< 3/month, 9. expenditure on betting:< 200,000 won/day, 10. accompaniment: friend (s)/colleague or family.

Risk Factors of Problem and Pathological Gambling by Multivariate Analysis (N=508)

OR=odds ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval; AUDIT-K=Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test; SCL-47-R=symptom checklist-47-revision.

Reference group: 1. residence of Jeju province: non-residents, 2. frequency of gambling:< 4/day, 3. frequency of visits to racetrack:< 3/month, 4. accompaniment: friend (s)/colleague or family, 5. expenditure on betting:< 200,000 won/day, 6. alcohol abuse: AUDIT-K ≤ 7 scores.