The aim of this study was to estimate total sugar intake and sugar intake-related dietary habit and nutrient intake of middle school students.
Subjects included 1,184 middle school students (476 males and 708 females) residing in Jeju. This research analyzed daily dietary intakes of subjects using the 24 hour recall method and surveyed the dietary habit related to total sugar intake using questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, t-test, and ANOVA, using the SAS program were used for analysis of data.
The average daily total sugar intake was 60.3 g (male 50.5 g, female 66.9 g). Total sugar intake per meal was 6.5 g (10.8%) from breakfast, 9.0 g (14.9%) from lunch, 11.8 g (19.6%) from dinner, and 33.0 g (54.7%) from snacks. Food groups that contribute to the majority of total sugar intake were grains and their products (23.0 g), milk (11.0 g), fruits and their products (7.3 g), sugars and sweets (6.1 g), and vegetables and their products (5.8 g). In terms of total sugar intakes by cooking methods, desserts showed a greater amount than main and side dishes, and indicated in order of amount as follows: bread and cookies (11.5 g), dairy products (7.5 g), ice cakes (6.2 g), beverages (5.3 g), and fruits (4.5 g). Total sugar consumption was high for rice and side dishes such as noodles (10.2 g), fried foods (2.9 g), stir-fried foods (2.0 g), and cooked rice with seasoning (1.7 g). The daily intake of natural sugar, added sugar, and natural and added sugar was 18.3 g, 35.8 g, and 6.2 g, respectively. The high sugar intake group, which was over 20% of the energy from total sugar intakes, consumed significantly less Fe, Zn, vitamin B6, niacin, and vitamin E than the low sugar intake group, which was below 20%.
Total sugar intake of second graders of middle schools on Jeju Island was 60.3 g/day, mostly obtained from snacks (54.7%). Therefore, nutritional education for proper selection of better snacks and for reduction of dietary sugar intake is needed for middle school students.
1) Mean ± SD 2) Significant difference between male and female by t-test
***p < 0.001
1) Mean ± SD 2) Significant difference between male and female by Chi-square 3) Not significant difference between male and female by Chi-square 4) The sum of each sugar 5) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
1) Mean ± SD 2) The sum of each sugar 3) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis
1) Mean ± SD 2) The sum of each sugar 3) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis
1) Mean ± SD 2) The sum of each sugar 3) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis
1) The sum of each sugar 2) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis 3) Mean ± SD
1) Low sugar group: below 10% of the percentage of energy gained from the total sugars according to daily energy intake
2) Medium sugar group: 10-20% of the percentage of energy gained from the total sugars according to daily energy intake
3) High sugar group: over 20% of the percentage of energy gained from the total sugars according to daily energy intake 4) Mean ± SD
5) Significant difference between boys and girls by Chi-square 6) Not significant difference between boys and girls by Chi-square
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
1) Mean ± SD 2) Significant difference between boys and girls by Chi-square 3) The sum of each sugar 4) Total sugar contents taken from the analysis
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001