Olfaction and Neurodegenerative Disease

Hyun Young Kim

doi:10.7599/hmr.2014.34.3.116

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Kim: Olfaction and Neurodegenerative Disease

Review Article

Hanyang Med Rev 2014;34(3):116-119.

Published online: 21 August 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2014.34.3.116

Olfaction and Neurodegenerative Disease

Hyun Young Kim

Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Hyun Young Kim Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea Tel: +82-2-2290-8373 Fax: +82-2-2299-2391 E-mail: hyoungkim1@hanyang.ac.kr

Received 29 May 2014 Revised 27 June 2014 Accepted 7 July 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Olfactory dysfunction is an early and common symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment that heralds progression to dementia. Olfactory impairment is known to be related to several pathologic changes including the deposition of α-synuclein, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neurofilament protein, Lewy bodies and neuritis inducing a complex cascade of molecular processes such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cytosolic disruption of cellular processes leading to cell death. The areas mainly showing these pathologic changes are the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and tract, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary target areas. Since early loss of olfactory function is common among several common neurodegenerative disorders, recent investigations have focused on its utility as a biomarker for early diagnosis and progression. Olfactory impairment appears to be an important sign for early detection, a useful biomarker for disease progression and a useful differentiator between neurological disorders.

Keywords: Olfaction, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biological Markers

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