Journal List > Korean J Sports Med > v.31(2) > 1054509

Kim: Effects of Distance and Accuracy on Visual Search in Golf Putting

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye movement depending on putting distance and accuracy in golf putting. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers. Golfers had performed golf putting on 2 m and 15 m distances. Visual search had used in order to examine the eye movement in success and failure of putting by eye tracker (Dikablis 2.0). During golf putting, eye movement analysis had analyzed on the ball and the hole of putting distance and accuracy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS ver. 15.0 program. Visual search to distance and accuracy on ball were as followed. Duration was significant differences in putting distance. Number of glances was significant differences in accuracy. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance. Glance frequency was significant differences in putting distance. Visual search to distance and accuracy on hole were followed. Total glance time and number of glances were significant differences in putting distance. Mean glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Percentaged glance proportion was significant differences in putting distance and between interaction. Maximal glance duration was significant differences in putting distance, accuracy, and between interaction. Minimal glance duration was significant differences in accuracy, and between interaction. Glance frequency was significant differences in between interaction. This study will be expected to be utilized for putting performance improvement as a basis for developing an exercise program.

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Fig. 1.
The Eye Tracking System (Dikablis 2.0).
kjsm-31-69f1.tif
Table 1.
Physical characteristics of subjects
Subjects Height (cm) Weight (kg) Career (y) Handicap
A 186 95 15 0
B 175 72 15 0
C 170 67 6 0
D 176 87 7 3
E 175 67 15 3
Table 2.
Visual search of ball to putting distance and accuracy
Variable Distance Success Fail Effects F
Duration (s) 2 m 2.77±0.22 2.93±0.64 Distance 65.230***
15 m 6.96±1.87 6.77±1.74 Accuracy 0.002
      Distance×accuracy 0.123
Total glance time (s) 2 m 0.84±0.42 1.02±0.34 Distance 0.933
15 m 0.99±0.47 1.17±0.46 Accuracy 1.290
      Distance×accuracy 0.000
No. of glances (repetition) 2 m 1.00±0.00 1.25±0.50 Distance 0.215
15 m 1.00±0.00 1.16±0.38 Accuracy 5.385*
      Distance×accuracy 0.215
Mean glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.67±0.55 Distance 0.587
15 m 0.60±0.43 0.65±0.36 Accuracy 0.108
      Distance×accuracy 0.435
Percentaged glance proportion (%) 2 m 28.60±17.78 37.07±15.65 Distance 13.070***
15 m 16.28±10.07 17.36±4.60 Accuracy 1.163
      Distance×accuracy 0.696
Maximal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.73±0.49 Distance 0.108
15 m 0.67±0.38 0.79±0.29 Accuracy 0.008
      Distance×accuracy 0.554
Minimal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.82±0.48 0.61±0.61 Distance 1.176
15 m 0.53±0.49 0.51±0.47 Accuracy 0.445
      Distance×accuracy 0.306
Glance frequency (1/s) 2 m 0.39±0.11 0.50±0.13 Distance 20.604***
15 m 0.24±0.13 0.26±0.10 Accuracy 2.420
      Distance×accuracy 1.255

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

* p<0.05

*** p<0.001.

Table 3.
Visual search of hole to putting distance and accuracy
Variable Distance Success Fail Effects F
Total glance time (s) 2 m 0.58±0.19 0.44±0.21 Distance 43.028***
15 m 2.37±1.15 3.11±1.33 Accuracy 0.741
      Distance×accuracy 1.689
No. of glances (repetition) 2 m 1.00±0.00 1.00±0.00 Distance 13.993***
15 m 2.58±1.37 1.75±0.86 Accuracy 1.785
      Distance×accuracy 1.785
Mean glance duration (s) 2 m 0.39±0.26 0.38±0.16 Distance 15.799***
15 m 0.57±0.34 2.00±1.09 Accuracy 9.670***
      Distance×accuracy 10.182***
Percentaged glance proportion (%) 2 m 21.36±7.16 14.78±6.73 Distance 29.414***
15 m 32.85±13.02 44.40±12.38 Accuracy 0.430
      Distance×accuracy 5.722*
Maximal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.42±0.26 0.38±0.16 Distance 31.331***
15 m 1.27±0.69 2.62±1.22 Accuracy 5.569*
      Distance×accuracy 6.415*
Minimal glance duration (s) 2 m 0.36±0.28 0.38±0.16 Distance 2.755
15 m 0.08±0.06 1.53±1.32 Accuracy 7.885**
      Distance×accuracy 7.656***
Glance frequency (1/s) 2 m 0.44±0.14 0.35±0.08 Distance 0.105
15 m 0.50±0.18 0.25±0.08 Accuracy 11.350
      Distance×accuracy 2.708**

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

* p<0.05

** p<0.01

*** p<0.001.

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