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Kim, Kang, Abris, Provido, Joung, Hong, Yu, Lee, and Lee: Consumption of Han-sik and its Association with Socioeconomic Status among Filipino Immigrant Women: the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL)
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018; 23(6): 475-487.

Published online: 31 December 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.475

Consumption of Han-sik and its Association with Socioeconomic Status among Filipino Immigrant Women: the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL)

Nayeon Kim1, Minji Kang2, Grace Abris1, Sherlyn Mae P. Provido1, Hyojee Joung3, Sangmo Hong4, Sung Hoon Yu5, Chang Beom Lee5, Jung Eun Lee6

1Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea, Student.

2Center for Gendered Innovations in Science and Technology Research (GISTeR), Korea Federation of Women's Science & Technology Associations, Korea, Researcher.

3Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Korea, Professor.

4Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Korea, Professor.

5Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea, Professor.

6Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Korea, Professor.

Corresponding author: Jung Eun Lee. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: (02) 880-6834, Fax: (02) 884-0305, jungelee@snu.ac.kr

Received 12 June 2018       Revised 16 October 2018       Accepted 16 October 2018

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study examined the consumption of Han-sik and its association with the years of residence in Korea and the socioeconomic status among Filipino immigrant women of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL).

Methods

A total of 474 Filipino women married to Korean men were included in the analysis. Their dietary intake was assessed using a single-day 24-hour recall. The participants provided information on the demographics, socioeconomic, and health-related factors through face-to-face interviews. The generalized linear model and logistic regression model were used to examine the association between the socioeconomic status and consumption of Han-sik.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 34.3 years old, and the average duration of residence in Korea was 8.2 years. Among 474 Filipino women, a total of 467 consumed Han-sik, with an average of 6.8 food items per day. The Han-sik foods that the participants consumed most frequently were rice, cabbage kimchi, mixed-grain rice, and fried eggs. The average ratio of Han-sik was 58.57%. The ratio of Han-sik showed no significant associations with the years of residence, years of living together with their husband, education levels, total annual family income, or linguistic competence of Korean. However, the ratio of Han-sik use was associated with cohabitation with parents-in-law; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.41 (1.18–4.92, p-trend = 0.002) comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of the Han-sik ratio.

Conclusions

Filipino immigrant women in the FiLWHEL study consumed a larger number of Han-sik than Philippine foods. In addition, cohabitation with their parents-in-law was associated with the consumption of Han-sik. Further epidemiologic studies will be needed to determine how the diet affects the health and wellbeing of immigrant women in Korea.

Keywords: immigrant women in Korea, the FiLWHEL study, Han-sik, years of residence, socioeconomic status

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Characteristics of the participants

kjcn-23-475-i001

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviations; BMI, body mass index

1) Number of participants did not sum to 474 for a few variables because some participants did not provide information on those variables.

2) Prehypertension was defined as 120<=SBP<140 or 80<=DBP<90 mmHg and hypertension was defined as SBP>= 140 or DBP>=90 mmHg or if participants reported to have hypertension or take medication.

3) Pre-diabetes was defined as 5.6%<= HbA1c <6.5% or 100<= glucose <126 mg/dL and diabetes was defined as HbA1c >=6.5% or glucose >=126 mg/dL or if participants reported to have diabetes or take medication.

Table 2

Number of participants who consumed Korean, common or Filipino foods and number of food items consumed

kjcn-23-475-i002

1) The proportion of participants who consumed Korean, common or Filipino foods out of a total of 474 participants

2) The proportion of each food item consumed out of a total of 597 items from Korean, common, and Filipino foods consumed in this population. Food items that participants consumed more than once were counted once rather than multiple times.

Table 3

Ranks of Han-sik consumed

kjcn-23-475-i003

1) The proportion was calculated by dividing frequency by total frequency of all foods consumed (total frequency of Han-sik=9637).

Table 4

Atypical ingredients used for Han-sik

kjcn-23-475-i004
Table 5

Number of Han-sik dishes1)

kjcn-23-475-i005

1) Number of Han-sik dishes that participants consumed more than once was counted once rather than multiple times.

Table 6

Characteristics according to ratio of Han-sik1)

kjcn-23-475-i006

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviations; BMI, body mass index

1) Ratio of Han-sik, the level of Han-sik intake was calculated by dividing the number of Korean foods consumed by the number of all foods consumed per day. Food items that participants consumed more than once per day were counted multiple times as it is, rather than once.

2) ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test was used for categorical variables.

3) Tukey post-hoc test was used. Each comparison for two categories showed a significant difference (p value<0.05)

4) Tukey post-hoc test was used. Each comparison for two categories showed a significant difference (p value<0.05) except Q3 vs. Q2 (p value=0.06) and Q4 vs. Q3 (p value=0.54)

5) A few participants had missing data.

Table 7

Characteristics according to ratio of Filipino foods1)

kjcn-23-475-i007

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviations; BMI, body mass index

1) Ratio of Filipino foods, the level of Filipino foods intake was by dividing the number of Filipino foods consumed by number of all foods consumed per day. Food items that participants consumed more than once per day were counted multiple times as it is, rather than once.

2) ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test was used for categorical variables.

3) Tukey post-hoc test was used. Each comparison for two categories showed a significant difference (p value<0.05).

4) Tukey post-hoc test was used. Each comparison for two categories showed a significant difference (p value<0.05).

5) Tukey post-hoc test was used. Comparison for mean or above vs. non-consumers showed a significant difference (p value<0.05) but the other two comparisons did not show a significant difference.

6) A few participants had missing data.

Table 8

Least-squares means (95% confidence intervals) of years of residence and years of living together with husband according to ratio of Han-sik

kjcn-23-475-i008

1) Median values in each quartile of ratio of Han-sik were 33.33%, 50.00%, 66.67%, and 81.82%, respectively.

2) The number of participants did not sum to 474 because a few participants did not provide information.

3) Model was adjusted for age (years, continuous), energy (kcal/d, continuous), education (high school or below, associate/college or above) and BMI (<18.5, 18.5–<23, 23–<25, ≥25 kg/m2)

Table 9

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of socioeconomic status according to ratio of Han-sik

kjcn-23-475-i009

1) Median values in each quartile of ratio of Han-sik were 33.33%, 50.00%, 66.67%, and 81.82%, respectively.

2) In the logistic regression models, participants who graduated from associate/college or above were regarded as an event.

3) Model was adjusted for age (years, continuous), energy (kcal/d, continuous), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–<23, 23–<25, ≥25 kg/m2), and total annual family income (₩20,000,000 or below, above ₩20,000,000)

4) In the logistic regression models, participants whose total annual family income was ₩20,000,000 or below were regarded as an event.

5) Model was adjusted for age (years, continuous), energy (kcal/d, continuous), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–<23, 23–<25, ≥25 kg/m2), and education (high school or below, associate/college or above)

6) In the logistic regression models, participants who cohabitated with parents-in-law were regarded as an event.

7) In the logistic regression models, participants who had high linguistic competence were regarded as an event.

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ORCID iDs

Jung Eun Lee
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-878X

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