Journal List > Korean J Community Nutr > v.22(5) > 1038601

Dennis, Kang, and Han: Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake.

Conclusions

Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Beverage groups

kjcn-22-441-i001
Table 2

Factor loading matric for the three beverage patterns in Korean adults aged 19-64 years (n = 6,927)

kjcn-22-441-i002
Table 3

Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and BMI of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i003

1) Values are Mean±SD and calculated using GLM

2) Values are percentages and tested by chi square-test

Table 4

Macronutrient intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i004

1) Values are Mean ± SD and calculated using GLM, data are adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eatingout, energy intake

Table 5

Vitamin and mineral intakes of Korean adults according to the quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i005

1) Values are Mean±SD and calculated using GLM, data are adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, energy intake

Table 6

Odd Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for metabolic syndrome components across quartile (Q) categories of beverage pattern scores

kjcn-22-441-i006

1) Adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, energy intake

2) Calculated using the Logistic Regression model

References

1. Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation. 2015 Statistics report of processed food (beverage). Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation;2015. 12. Report No. 11-1543000-001039-01.
2. Lee HS. Dietary and nutrient intake. In : Proceedings of 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey and Adolescents health behavior online survey results; 2016 Nov 7; Seoul. p. 161–184.
3. Kim YH. Status of beverage intakes in Korea, 1998-2012. Public Health Wkly Rep. 2014; 02. 133–140.
4. Rosinger A, Herrick K, Gahche J, Park S. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among U.S. adults, 2011-2014. National Center for Health Statistics;2017. 01. Report No. 270.
5. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84(2):274–288.
6. Cassady BA, Considine RV, Mattes RD. Beverage consumption, appetite, and energy intake: what did you expect. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 95(3):587–593.
7. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes. 2000; 24(6):794–800.
8. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. New Engl J Med. 2011; 364(25):2392–2404.
9. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001; 357(9255):505–508.
10. de Koning L, Malik VS, Kellogg MD, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men. Circulation. 2012; 125(14):1735–1741.
11. Fung TT, Malik V, Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89(4):1037–1042.
12. Hwang EJ, Yoo JH, Shin JY, Bae MJ, Jo SI. Association of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and hypertension in Korean adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012-2013. Korean J Fam Pract. 2016; 6(5):446–451.
13. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97(4):667–675.
14. Freiberg MS, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Vasan RS, Ellison RC. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the U.S.: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(12):2954–2959.
15. Yoon YS, Oh SW, Baik HW, Park HS, Kim WY. Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(1):217–224.
16. Schröder H, Morales-Molina JA, Bermejo S, Barral D, Mándoli ES, Grau M. Relationship of abdominal obesity with alcohol consumption at population scale. Eur J Nutr. 2007; 46(7):369–376.
17. Gordon T, Kannel WB. Drinking and its relation to smoking, BP, blood lipids, and uric acid: The Framingham study. Arch Intern Med. 1983; 143(7):1366–1374.
18. Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Fehily AM. Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61(8):695–698.
19. Kim K, Kim K, Park SM. Association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the level of coffee consumption among Korean women. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(12):e0167007.
20. Takami H, Nakamoto M, Uemura H, Katsuura S, Yamaguchi M, Hiyoshi M. Inverse correlation between coffee consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: baseline survey of the Japan multi-institutional collaborative cohort (J-MICC) study in Tokushima, Japan. J Epidemiol. 2013; 23(1):12–20.
21. Song MJ, An EM, Shon HS, Kim SB, Cha YS. A study on the status of beverage consumption of the middle school students in Jeonju. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005; 10(2):174–182.
22. Bae YJ, Yeon JY. Evaluation of nutrient intake and diet quality according to beverage consumption status of elementary school, middle school, and high school students: from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2008. Korean J Nutr. 2013; 46(1):34–49.
23. Bae YJ, Yeon JY. A study on nutrition status and dietary quality according to carbonated drink consumption in male adolescents; based on 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. J Nutr Health. 2015; 48(6):488–495.
24. Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014; 43(1):69–77.
25. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Obesity treatment guideline 2014. Seoul: Korean Society for the Study of Obesity;2014.
26. Expert Panel, Evaluation , and Treatment. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285(19):2486–2497.
27. Storey ML, Forshee RA, Anderson PA. Beverage consumption in the US population. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106(12):1992–2000.
28. French S, Rosenberg M, Wood L, Maitland C, Shilton T, Pratt IS. Soft drink consumption patterns among Western Australians. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013; 45(6):525–532.
29. Ogden CL, Kit BK, Carroll MD, Park S. Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States, 2005-2008. National Center for Health Statistics;2011. 08. Report No. 71.
30. Sohn KH, Lee MJ, Min SH, Lee HJ. A study on the factors affecting the consumption of coffee and tea among female in Seoul. Korean J Diet Cult. 2000; 15(5):398–412.
31. Choi SI, Yim ES, Moon HS. Market segmentation by preferable kind of coffee type. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2012; 12(6):475–485.
32. Frost G, Leeds AA, Dore CJ, Madeiros S, Brading S, Dornhorst A. Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Lancet. 1999; 353(9158):1045–1048.
33. Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Meigs JB. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation. 2007; 116(5):480–488.
34. Høstmark AT. The Oslo Health Study: a dietary index estimating high intake of soft drinks and low intake of fruits and vegetables was positively associated with components of the metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010; 35(6):816–825.
35. Kim EK, Jun DW, Jang EC, Kim SH, Choi HS. Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on liver enzyme and metabolic syndrome in Korean. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc. 2012; 13(6):2570–2578.
36. Lee BE, Lee HJ, Cho E, Hwang KT. Fatty acid composition of fats in commercial coffee creamers and instant coffee mixers and their sensory characteristics. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2012; 41(3):362–368.
37. Kim HJ, Cho S, Jacobs DR, Park K. Instant coffee consumption may be associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 106(1):145–153.
38. Schwab U, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Haldorsson TI, Riserus U, Uusitupa M. Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer: a systematic review. Food Nutr Res. 2014; 58(1):25145.
39. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med. 2006; 354(15):1601–1613.
40. van Dam RM, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005; 294(1):97–104.
41. O'Keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ. Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(12):1043–1051.
42. Nakanishi N, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Alcohol consumption and risk for development of impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(1):48–54.
43. Athyros VG, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Ganotakis ES, Tziomalos K. Association of drinking pattern and alcohol beverage type with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease in a Mediterranean cohort. Angiology. 2007; 58(6):689–697.
44. Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN. Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140(3):211–219.
45. Agarwal DP. Cardioprotective effects of light-moderate consumption of alcohol: A review of putative mechanisms. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002; 37(5):409–415.
46. Sesso HD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Gaziano JM. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension. 2008; 51(4):1080–1087.
47. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ. Alcohol is bad for blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006; 33(9):847–852.
48. McFadden CB, Brensinger CM, Berlin JA, Townsend RR. Systematic review of the effect of daily alcohol intake on blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18(2):276–286.
49. Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ. 1999; 319(7224):1523–1528.
50. Suter PM, Hasler E, Vetter W. Effects of alcohol on energy metabolism and body weight regulation: is alcohol a risk factor for obesity. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55(5):157–171.
51. Björntorp P. The associations between obesity, adipose tissue distribution and disease. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1988; 723:121–134.
TOOLS
ORCID iDs

Sung Nim Han
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-2992

Similar articles