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Park and Lee: Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015)
Research Article

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2017; 22(2): 145-158.

Published online: 30 April 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.145

Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015)

Junghyun Park1, Hae-Jeung Lee1, 2

1Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.

2Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hae-Jeung Lee. 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeonggu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Korea. Tel: (031) 750-4720, Fax: (031) 750-5974, skysea1010@gmail.com

Received 2 March 2017       Revised 14 April 2017       Accepted 20 April 2017

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

(open-access):

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The importance of kimchi as a traditional food in Korean cuisine has gradually decreased due to rapid industrialization, economic growth and changes in dietary patterns in Korea. This study aimed to examine the shifts in kimchi consumption by region and by income level between 2005 and 2015 in Korea.

Methods

Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III (2005) and VI (2015) were used in the study (n=15,558). Intake of kimchi was estimated using a single 24-hour dietary recall. The sample weights were applied in all analyses to reflect population estimates. All statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS IBM Statistics 20.

Results

Kimchi intake has significantly decreased by 27.6 g/day per capita during the last decade in Korea; 25.0 g for males and 29.9 g for females, respectively. Over the past decade, the decline of kimchi intake has been particularly significant in Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and Gwangju, while there has been no significant change in males living in rural areas. The consumption of kimchi across all income levels has decreased, however, the decrease was higher in ‘middle and low income level’. The amount of kimchi consumption in 2015 was the highest in ‘low income level’. The results were similar after adjusting for gender and age.

Conclusions

For the past decade, the overall intake of kimchi in Korea has decreased, however, it has been found that the decrease of kimchi intake for males living in the rural areas was not significant. Therefore, in order to keep our traditional kimchi culture and promote a balanced diet including kimchi for Korean, it is necessary to develop more efficient policies and approaches. A variety of dishes using kimchi should be developed, besides merely serving kimchi with rice as a side dish, to increase the consumption of kimchi.

Keywords: kimchi consumption, shifts, decade, region, income

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

The composition of kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2005 in Korean population

kjcn-22-145-g001
Fig. 2A

Mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and between 2005 and 2015

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, Means were significantly different using student t-test
kjcn-22-145-g002
Fig. 2B

Adjusted mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and by gender between 2005 and 2015

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, Adjusted means were significantly different using ANCOVA
The values were adjusted for gender and age.
kjcn-22-145-g003
Table 1

Distribution of socio-demographic factors in KNHANES 2005 and 2015

kjcn-22-145-i001

1) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

2) Chi-squared test was applied to compare the percent between 2005 and 2015.

3) Original number (weighted percent, %)

Table 2

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by gender

kjcn-22-145-i002

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 3

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by 16 cities and provinces of Korea

kjcn-22-145-i003

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 4

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by income level

kjcn-22-145-i004

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Means in a column without a common letter are significantly different at α=0.05 by GLM/PDIFF

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Appendix

Appendix 1

Changes in kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by age

kjcn-22-145-a001
1) Student t-test was conducted to compare mean per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Food Research Institute (EO164500-01).

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ORCID iDs

Hae-Jeung Lee
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-3619

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