This study included patients who underwent surgical resection of HCC between September 1998 and December 2013. This study was approved by the Samsung Medical Center Institutional Review Board and was performed according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. One hundred thirty-two patients were admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of spontaneous rupture of HCC. The diagnosis of ruptured HCC was performed based on dynamic contrast-enhanced liver or abdominal CT with typical findings of extravasation of contrast material and hemoperitoneum. HCC was confirmed from the pathologic results after surgical resection. While 107 patients underwent only transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for management of hemostasis for ruptured HCC, 24 patients underwent surgery for management of ruptured HCC with or without transarterial embolization (TAE). However, we excluded 5 patients from this study aimed to investigate the survival and recurrence rate after curative hepatectomy of ruptured HCC (1 patient with concomitant stomach and colon invasion with ruptured HCC was lost to follow-up, 2 patients underwent only palliative operations with multiple seeding lesions on the peritoneum, 1 patient had iatrogenic HCC rupture during liver mass biopsy and 1 patient underwent only evacuation and bleeding control with drainage). After excluding these 5 patients, 19 patients underwent curative hepatectomy and were included in this study. Demographic, preoperative, and pathologic data of 19 patients were collected from electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed. Tumor recurrence and survival data were recorded.

We divided the 19 patients into 2 groups. The early recurrence group included intrahepatic or extrahepatic recurrence distinguished by follow-up CT or MRI within 12 months after hepatectomy, while the late recurrence group involved the other patients, including 3 recurrence-free patients. We followed the 19 patients from surgical intervention to the study end point, death, or recurrence. No patients in either group received postoperative adjuvant therapy before recurrence.

The surgical and pathological procedures used after liver resection have been described previously [67]. Liver function was evaluated using the Child-Pugh classification system, and standard operative techniques for hepatectomy were used. Adequate mobilization was achieved based on the part of the liver to be resected. Selective clamping of the portal vein and hepatic artery was performed when feasible; if not, the intermittent Pringle maneuver was used. Parenchymal transection was performed using a Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator under low central venous pressure.

Postoperative histological assessment and reporting included maximal tumor size, differentiation, staging, encapsulation, intrahepatic metastasis, microvascular invasion, protrusion, and cirrhosis. The histologic differentiation of HCC was assigned according to the Edmonson-Steiner system as well-differentiated (grade I), moderately differentiated (grade II), or poorly differentiated (grades III, IV). Tumor staging was determined based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition, TNM classification. Tumor protrusion was calculated by dividing the length of the protruded mass from the liver surface by the tumor size. We measured the tumor size and length of the protruded tumor in the preoperative CT. Cirrhosis was defined as the presence of stage 4 fibrosis.

The procedures used for surveillance after liver resection were described previously [8]. All patients were followed postoperatively every 2 to 3 months. Follow-up parameters included physical examination, serum α-FP, liver function tests, and chest X-rays. Abdominal CT was performed every 3 months or when recurrence was suspected. MRI and/or PET scans were performed if CT did not show definitive evidence of recurrence. Patients with intrahepatic recurrences were treated with radiofrequency ablation, TACE, or sorafenib according to their functional liver reserve and the pattern of recurrence. The follow-up time was considered to be the length of time from surgery to last follow-up or death. No patients were lost to follow-up and all 19 patients were included in survival analysis.

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables are described as median with range, and categorical variables are expressed as number and percentage of subjects. Fisher exact test was conducted to evaluate differences in the frequencies of categorical variables between the groups. Mann-Whitney U analysis was conducted to evaluate the differences in the continuous variables between the 2 groups. The Kaplan-Meier survival method was performed to evaluate differences in patient survival between the two groups. To identify prognostic factors of patient survival, Cox regression analysis was performed. All tests were two-sided, and statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of patients who underwent curative hepatectomy for spontaneously ruptured HCC. Thirteen patients were male (73.7%), and the median age of 19 patients was 56 years (range, 31–81 years). There were no cases of postoperative mortality, and none of the patients had positive lymph nodes. The tumor stage of ruptured HCC was assessed based on tumor size and number excluding the rupture factor (T4). We observed eight patients with high tumor stage, and 11 patients had stage I or II tumors, all of which were solitary. Of 19 patients, only 2 were Child-Pugh class B and 17 were Child-Pugh class A. The median tumor size was 7.4 cm (range, 4–14 cm). Fourteen patients (73.7%) underwent staged hepatectomy after TAE for hemostasis. Among these 14 patients, two underwent laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy and laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy, respectively. Major hepatectomy was conducted in nine patients (7 right hepatectomy, 2 left hepatectomy). Minor hepatectomy was performed in 10 patients (6 left lateral sectionectomy, 3 right sectionectomy, 1 tumorectomy).

The patient survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 78.9%, 58.6%, and 58.6%, respectively (Fig. 1). Four patients died within 12 months after surgery. Sixteen patients developed HCC recurrence, but tumor recurrence was not detected in 3 patients after surgery. In HCC recurrence, 9 patients had intrahepatic metastasis, five had extrahepatic metastasis, and 2 had synchronous intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastasis. Aside from 2 patients with synchronous intra and extrahepatic metastasis, 5 of 9 patients (55.6%) with intrahepatic metastasis experienced extrahepatic metastasis within 12 months. However, there were no cases of tumor extension from extrahepatic to intrahepatic metastasis. The most common sites of extrahepatic metastasis were lung (n = 9, 81.8%) or peritoneal seeding (n = 5, 45.5%) including 2 patients (18%) with diaphragm invasion and metastatic lymph node and 1 case of inferior vena cava with tumor thrombi. Among three tumor recurrence-free patients, 1 underwent curative right hepatectomy with right adrenalectomy because of direct invasion to the right adrenal gland with stage IV disease.

The characteristics of the early and late recurrence groups are summarized in Table 2. The 2 groups showed significant differences in frequency of greater than 30% tumor protrusion (100% vs. 30%; P = 0.003). Regarding age, etiology, Child-Pugh class, model for end-stage liver disease score, α-FP, preoperative TAE, operation time, estimated blood loss, tumor size, tumor number, portal vein tumor thrombosis, differentiation, intrahepatic metastasis, microvascular invasion, encapsulization, cirrhosis, and T stage, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. We identified the response to preoperative TACE (n = 14) between the 2 groups (Table 3). For seven patients, we could not determine the response to TACE because they did not undergo follow-up CT after preoperative TACE. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year patient survival rates in the early recurrence group were 55.6%, 41.7%, and 0%, respectively, while the 5-year patient survival rate was 100% in the late recurrence group (Fig. 2).

On univariate and multivariate analyses, greater than 30% protrusion of the tumor was significantly associated with patient survival (Table 4).