Journal List > Allergy Asthma Immunol Res > v.6(6) > 1052452

TOOLS
Jo, Song, Kim, Park, Chang, Kim, Kim, Hur, Lee, Yoon, Park, Cho, Moon, Min, and Cho: Reference Ranges and Determinant Factors for Exhaled Nitric Oxide in a Healthy Korean Elderly Population
Original Article

Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2014; 6(6): 504-510.

Published online: 31 March 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2014.6.6.504

Reference Ranges and Determinant Factors for Exhaled Nitric Oxide in a Healthy Korean Elderly Population

Eun-Jung Jo1, Woo-Jung Song1, 2, 3, Tae-Wan Kim2, 3, Heung-Woo Park2, 3, Yoon-Seok Chang2, 3, 4, Tae-Bum Kim5, Sang-Heon Kim6, Gyu-Young Hur7, Jae-Hyung Lee8, Ho-Joo Yoon6, Hae-Sim Park9, Nam-Ho Cho10, Hee-Bom Moon5, Kyung-Up Min2, 3, Sang-Heon Cho2, 3

1Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

3Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.

4Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.

5Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

6Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

7Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

8Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

9Department of Internal Medicine, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

10Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Correspondence to: Sang-Heon Cho, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2072-2971; Fax: +82-2-742-2912; shcho@snu.ac.kr

Received 9 April 2013       Revised 12 July 2013       Accepted 12 September 2013

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology • The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a useful non-invasive biomarker for asthma diagnosis; however, the literature suggests that exhaled NO levels may be affected by demographic factors. The present analysis investigated determinant factors that present exhaled NO reference levels for Korean elderly adults.

Methods

For reference levels, we analyzed the baseline data of healthy adult participants in the Ansung cohort. The fraction of exhaled NO (FeNO) was measured by NIOX MINO®. The characterization of the subjects was performed through structured questionnaires, spirometry, and methacholine challenge tests. To validate the diagnostic utility of the determined reference levels, asthma patients were recruited from medical institutions for FeNO measurement.

Results

A total of 570 healthy subjects were analyzed (mean age, 59.9±12.3; male, 37.0%) for reference levels. FeNO levels significantly correlated with weight, height, body mass index, atopy, or forced expiratory volume in 1 second % predicted by simple linear regression analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis identified gender as an independent determinant for FeNO levels; subsequently, the reference values for FeNO were 18.2±10.6 ppb (5th to 95th percentile, 6.0 to 37.4 ppb) for males and 12.1±6.9 ppb (5th to 95th percentile, 2.5 to 27.0 ppb) for females. The diagnostic utility of FeNO reference levels was validated by receiver operating curve analysis (area under curve, 0.900 for males and 0.885 for females) for diagnosing asthma. The optimal cutoff values for the prediction of asthma were 30.5 ppb for males and 20.5 ppb for females.

Conclusions

The current analysis presented reference ranges and the diagnostic utility of FeNO levels for asthma in Korean elderly adults.

Keywords: Adult, asthma, nitric oxide, reference values

INTRODUCTION

Asthma is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and airway inflammation.1 In general, bronchial challenge tests (or induced sputum analysis) are applicable to assess BHR or underlying lung inflammation2,3,4; however, the tests can be invasive as well as require specialized instruments and personnel.5
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule released by the human respiratory tract and increases under airway inflammatory conditions.6,7,8,9,10,11 Exhaled NO correlates well with eosinophilic airway inflammation and BHR12 and its measurement is safe.5,14,15 Current American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines recommend the use of the fraction of exhaled NO (FeNO) and induced sputum analyses to diagnose eosinophilic airway inflammation.7
Exhaled NO levels are influenced by various demographic factors13,14; therefore, the reference range for clinical applications should be specifically determined for the population. Kim et al. previously reported on FeNO reference ranges in Korea; however, the results were derived from relatively small-sized and younger adults (n=166; mean age, 32.7 years).15 In this context, the present study investigated FeNO reference ranges and determinants using the Ansung cohort dataset (a prospective community population cohort) in Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

Study participants were recruited from the Ansung cohort. The design of this cohort and methods used have been previously described.16 The Ansung cohort was established for the Korean Health and Genome Study in 2001 to investigate the frequency and determinants of chronic diseases in Korea. Participants included residents in a rural area 100 km south of Seoul. Sampling was based on mailing and door-to-door/telephone interview in 5 randomly selected governing regions.
From the 1,730 Ansung cohort participants, the present study initially analyzed 997 subjects who underwent NO measurement in 2011. The subjects were asked to answer structured questionnaires on medical history and allergic symptoms. Subjects underwent chest X-ray, spirometry, methacholine bronchial challenge tests, and allergen skin prick tests. The focus of the investigation was on reference ranges for healthy adults; therefore, we excluded individuals: (1) under 18 years old, (2) current smokers, (3) a previous diagnosis of allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, or chronic urticaria), (4) recent infections (within the past 3 weeks), (5) underlying lung diseases (bronchiectasis or chronic bronchitis) identified by questionnaire or chest X-ray, (6) current use of inhaled or systemic corticosteroids, (7) airway obstruction (defined by prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] % predicted <80%), or (8) BHR (methacholine PC20 <16 mg/mL). Study procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines and approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Fraction of exhaled NO measurement

FeNO was measured using an online nitric oxide monitor (NIOX MINO, Aerocrine, Sweden) according to 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines.13 The subjects were asked about current medication or food intake that could interfere with the FeNO measurement results. In addition, they were instructed to avoid smoking, exercise, and ingestion of food, water or, caffeine at least 1 hour before testing.
The subjects exhaled fully while seated. The patient then inhaled over 2 to 3 seconds to total lung capacity through a NIOX filter and exhaled with an upper airway pressure of 5 to 20 cm H2O. FeNO measurements were taken from a stable plateau of the exhaled NO concentration of at least 3 seconds during exhalation. The lowest detection limit of NIOX MINO was 5 parts per billion (ppb), and values less than 5 ppb were considered 2.5 ppb. The average levels of at least 2 acceptable measurements were used.

Spirometry and methacholine challenge test

Pulmonary function was measured using a spirometry after FeNO measurement. The predicted values of FEV1 were calculated on the basis of the Morris method.17 Methacholine challenge tests were performed using a 5-breath protocol with a dosimeter.18 Methacholine dilutions of 1, 4, 8, and 16 mg/mL were used. Spirometry was performed 30 seconds and 90 seconds after each inhalation. The test was finished when FEV1 decreased by more than 20% from the baseline. A provocation concentration that caused a 20% decrease of FEV1 was defined as the provocation concentration dose for methacholine (PC20). BHR was defined as PC20 <16 mg/mL.

Skin prick test

An allergen skin test was performed using 12 common inhalant allergens in Korea: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, cockroach, cat, dog, early blossoming tree pollen mix (alder, hazel, poplar, elm, and willow tree), late blossoming tree pollen mix (birch, beech, oak, and plane tree), grass pollen mix (grass, barley, oat, rye, and wheat), ragweed, and mugwort. A 0.9% sodium chloride solution and a 1 mg/mL histamine solution were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The test was considered positive when an allergen wheal to histamine wheal ratio was 1 or greater. Atopy was defined as positive skin test responses to any of 12 allergens.

Recruitment of asthma patients

To validate the diagnostic utility of FeNO reference levels, asthma patients were recruited from medical institutions (Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Asan Medical Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Korea University Hospital, Eulji University Hospital, and Ajou University Hospital). Asthma was diagnosed by typical asthma symptoms and positive BHR or a positive bronchodilator response (increase in FEV1 of >12% predicted and 200 mL after inhalation of a short-acting β2 agonist). Enrolled asthma patients were not currently receiving asthma medications, such as corticosteroids or antileukotrienes.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software (ver. 19.0 for Window; SPSS, Inc., an IBM Company, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were presented as a number and percentage for categorical variables and mean ± SD for continuous variables. Comparisons between variables were performed by Pearson's chi-square test for categorical variables and by Student's t test for continuous variables. FeNO levels were not normally distributed; therefore, FeNO levels were log-transformed before analysis. Simple linear regression analysis determined the association of log-transformed FeNO (a dependent variable) with age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), atopy, and FEV1% predicted. Potentially relevant factors (with P<0.2 in simple linear regression analysis) were included in multiple linear regression analysis. The reference values of FeNO are presented as mean±SD, median and interquartile range (IQR), and 90% confidence interval (CI, 5th to 95th percentile). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis validated the diagnostic utility of FeNO from the combined group of healthy population and asthma patients. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics

We included 570 subjects (mean age, 59.9±12.3; male, 37.0%) after excluding (n=427) subjects according to predetermined criteria (under 18 years old, n=12; current smoker, n=169; asthma, n=20; allergic rhinitis, n=96; atopic dermatitis, n=16; chronic urticaria, n=2; underlying lung diseases, n=3; current use of corticosteroids, n=4; airway obstruction, n=127; and BHR, n=13). Table 1 describes the baseline characteristics of the study subjects. Of the subjects, 133 (23.3%) had atopy, which was more frequent in males than females (P<0.001). Height and weight were greater in males, and FEV1 predicted values were higher in females; however, BMI did not differ.

Determinant factors and reference ranges

A simple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association with age, gender, atopy, FEV1 predicted value, and anthropometric values (Table 2). Potentially relevant factors for FeNO (P<0.2) were gender, weight, height, BMI, atopy, and FEV1 predicted value; however, age was not a meaningful determinant. In multiple linear regression analysis with adjustment for relevant factors (P<0.2 in univariate tests), gender and weight were found to have significant associations with FeNO levels (Table 3). The intercept value was 1.546, and log-transformed FeNO increased by 0.376 in males compared to females when weight was assumed to be constant (P<0.001). The statistical significance for weight was not correlated to FeNO levels in individual gender groups and suggested a confounding effect with gender (data not shown); therefore, reference values and basic statistics were derived with gender as the determinant factor for FeNO levels (Table 4). FeNO reference ranges were 18.2±10.6 ppb in males and 12.1±6.9 ppb in females. The 90% confidence interval (5th to 95th percentile) was 6.0 to 37.4 ppb in males and 2.5 to 27.0 in females.

Utility of FeNO for the diagnosis of asthma

We compared the distribution of FeNO levels in asthma patients and healthy population to validate the utility of FeNO (Fig. 1); subsequently, the ROC curves were constructed from the combined group of 570 healthy population and 74 asthma patients (mean age, 54.4±16.8; male, 40.5%; Table 5). The area under the ROC curve was 0.900 in males and 0.885 in females (Fig. 2). The sensitivity and specificity of FeNo measurement was 60% and 95.3% respectively in males 65.9% and 95.3% in females when the cutoff value of FeNO for the prediction of asthma was provided from the upper limit of 90% CI (37.4 ppb for males and 27.0 ppb for females) (Table 6). The cutoff value from the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was 30.5 ppb in males and 20.5 ppb in females; this indicated a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 90.0% in males, a sensitivity of 79.5% and a specificity of 86.9% in females (Table 6).

DISCUSSION

The current analysis presented the FeNO reference range levels for healthy Korean elderly populations. We presented the gender-specific reference values of FeNO because gender was identified as a determinant factor; additionally, reference levels showed a good diagnostic utility for asthma diagnosis.
Our findings on gender association are consistent with those of previous reports15,19,20,21,22; however, mechanisms for the associations are unclear. A few hypotheses have been suggested in the literature. The first explanation is the effect of flow-induced dilution.23,24,25 The flow in small airways should be higher for the constant flow rate at the mouth level. FeNO would be lower in females with relatively smaller airways compared to males because exhaled NO is lower in a high flow.24 However, the limited reports on children indicate that FeNO levels correlate more significantly with age than gender.26,27 Age-dependency in children, not gender-dependency, may be related to increased lung volume and airway surface area development.27 The difference in airway size may explain that exhalation flow rate in young children is relatively higher. The difference in lung volume and airway surface area may also account for an association between FeNO levels and height or weight, which are generally greater in males. Therefore, the difference in airway surface area may be considered as a crucial reason for a gender-related difference.20,25 An age-relationship does not seem evident in adult populations,15,19,28 and the present analysis did not indicate an association between age and FeNO levels.
Atopy was not an independent determinant for FeNO levels in our study population in contrast to the results of previous studies.21,22,29 A previous study with the Korean population conducted by Kim et al.15 in indicated that atopy (alongside gender) is a significant predictor of FeNO levels. The difference in the 2 Korean studies is assumed to have originated from the study population characteristics. Age distribution was considerably younger in the study conducted by Kim et al. (mean age, 33.7 years) than in our study (mean age, 59.9 years). In addition, the varying prevalence of atopy may have affected the statistical power (48% in the study conducted by Kim et al. vs 23.3% in our study). The negative findings on atopy association need to be confirmed by further studies with older adult populations; however, our findings potentially indicate significance in determining population-specific reference ranges.
Previous literature has suggested that FeNO levels are higher in Asians than in other ethnic groups24,26,27 and accounted for dietary differences, such as salted and nitrate-rich meals or genetic variations of the NO synthase gene.24,30 However, the present analysis did not find higher FeNO levels in Korean adults as compared to Western populations.5,21,28 Kharitonov et al.5 prepresented mean FeNO of 17.8±6.8 ppb in a healthy adults study that demonstrated the reproducibility of FeNO for a healthy or asthma population in the UK (healthy adults n=10, age=35.6±9.39, non-atopy). Travers et al.21 suggested a mean FeNO of 17.9 ppb in healthy New Zealander adults (n=193, mean age=56.3±12.9, atopy rate=23.8%), and Olin et al.28 showed a FeNO level of 16.6 ppb in healthy Swedish adults (n=1,131; mean age, 50.3±13.81; atopy rate, 25.3%). In Asia, Chng et al.29 presented a median FeNO level of 38.4 ppb for atopic subjects and 15.7 ppb for non-atopic subjects in Singaporeans (n=45, mean age, 19.6; atopy rate, 61.8%); however, their subjects were younger than ours. We speculate that the reason for our lower FeNO ranges (than other ethnic groups) may be due to differences in living environment. Our study populations were from rural areas, were less likely to be exposed to pollutants that could influence airway inflammation and were at lower risk for asthma. It is well-known that living in rural areas exerts a protective effect on asthma or atopy,31,32,33 as suggested by the 'hygiene hypotheses'. The participants of previous studies were mostly recruited from urban areas.5,21,28,29
The relatively lower FeNO levels in our study could be related to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Previous studies did not exclude subjects with BHR; subsequently, their FeNO levels may have been affected by subjects with asymptomatic BHR.15,19,22
There are several limitations to our study. Our study population may not be representative of the entire Korean population. In particular, our participants were mostly older adult residents living in a rural area. In addition, the relatively low number of male subjects may have limited the statistical power and have resulted in the inclusion of ex-smokers. We did not match the age of the healthy population and asthma patients recruited to validate the utility of FeNO in the diagnosis of asthma because the number of asthmatic patients who underwent the FeNO measurement was small. However, age and a former history of smoking did not significantly correlate with FeNO levels. Despite the limitations, we expect our data to provide useful reference ranges for epidemiologic studies in elderly Korean adult populations. Recent literature suggests that asthma or allergic respiratory diseases are no longer childhood diseases34; subsequently, there is significant interest in epidemiologic surveys of asthma in an aged population.35,36,37 Our results are expected to be useful for older adult patients visiting medical institutions for asthma diagnosis as shown in ROC analysis.
In conclusion, we present FeNO reference ranges for healthy Korean elderly adults and a diagnostic utility for asthma.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
The distribution of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in asthma patients and healthy population. (A) The distribution of FeNO for males. (B) The distribution of FeNO for females.
aair-6-504-g001
Fig. 2
Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). (A) ROC curve of FeNO for males (n=241). (B) ROC curve of FeNO for females (n=403).
aair-6-504-g002
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of study populations
aair-6-504-i001
Variables Total
(n=570)		 Male
(n=211)		 Female
(n=359)		 P value
Age (year) 59.9±12.3 56.5±12.3 60.1±12.4 0.623
Weight (kg) 62.0±10.5 67.8±10.0 58.6±9.3 <0.001
Height (cm) 158.3±8.9 166.4±6.7 153.4±6.1 <0.001
BMI (kg/m2) 24.7±3.3 24.4±3.0 24.8±3.4 0.141
Smoking history
 Non-smoker, n (%) 488 (78.6) 91 (43.1) 357 (99.4) <0.001
 Ex-smoker, n (%) 122 (21.4) 120 (56.9) 2 (0.6) <0.001
Atopy, n (%) 133 (23.3) 72 (34.1) 61 (17.0) <0.001
FEV1 (% predicted) 102.3±14.9 98.9±12.5 104.3±15.8 <0.001

BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Table 2
Association of log-transformed FeNO and independent variables by simple linear regression analysis
aair-6-504-i002
Variable Coefficient Standard error P value
Gender 0.483 0.069 <0.001
Weight 0.019 0.003 <0.001
Height 0.023 0.004 <0.001
BMI 0.026 0.011 0.014
Atopy 0.124 0.082 0.130
FEV1 (% predicted) -0.007 0.002 0.004

FeNO, Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide; others as Table 1.

Table 3
Association between log-transformed FeNO and independent variables by multiple linear regression analysis
aair-6-504-i003
Variable Coefficient Standard error P value
Intercept 1.546 0.207 <0.001
Gender 0.376 0.075 <0.001
Weight 0.012 0.003 0.001

FeNO, Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide.

Table 4
Reference values and basic statistics of FeNO levels
aair-6-504-i004
FeNO levels (ppb)
Mean±SD Median (IQR) 90% CI*
Total (n=570) 14.4±9.0 13.0 (8.0 to 19.0) 2.5 to 31.0
Male (n=211) 18.2±10.6 16.0 (11.0 to 25.0) 6.0 to 37.4
Female (n=359) 12.1±6.9 11.0 (7.0 to 15.0) 2.5 to 27.0

*Fitth to 95th percentile.

FeNO, Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; CI, confidence interval.

Table 5
Comparison of baseline characteristics for healthy populations and asthma patients
aair-6-504-i005
Variables Healthy (n =570) Asthma (n =74) P value
Age (year) 59.9±12.3 54.4±16.8 0.008
Female, n (%) 359 (63.0) 44 (59.5) 0.556
Weight (kg) 62.0±10.5 63.1±9.8 0.404
Height (cm) 158.3±8.9 161.0±8.3 0.013
BMI (kg/m2) 24.7±3.3 24.3±3.0 0.334
Smoking history
 Non-smoker, n (%) 488 (78.6) 56 (75.7) 0.567
 Ex-smoker, n (%) 122 (21.4) 18 (24.3) 0.567
Atopy, n (%) 133 (23.3) 32 (43.2) <0.001
FEV1 (% predicted) 102.3±14.9 84.8±26.0 <0.001
FeNO levels
 Total (ppb) 14.4±9.0 52.9±38.2 <0.001
 Male (ppb) 18.2±10.6 64.5±46.3 <0.001
 Female (ppb) 12.1±6.9 44.9±29.6 <0.001

BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Table 6
Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of FeNO for the diagnosis of asthma
aair-6-504-i006
Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Positive predictive value (%) Negative predictive value (%) Predictive accuracy (%)
FeNO in males (n=241)
 >37.4 ppb* 60 95.3 64.3 94.4 90.9
 >30.5 ppb† 70.0 90.0 50 95.5 87.6
FeNO in females (n=403)
 >27.0 ppb* 65.9 95.3 63.0 95.8 92.1
 >20.5 ppb† 79.5 86.9 42.7 97.2 86.1

*The cutoff value for the prediction of asthma was provided from the upper limit of 90% confidence interval (95th percentile) of FeNO levels derived from a healthy population; †The cutoff value for the prediction of asthma was provided from the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of asthma in the combined population.

FeNO, Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by a Korea Healthcare technology R&D project grant, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (A092076).

Notes

There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.

References

1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. International consensus report on diagnosis and treatment of asthma Bethesda, Maryland 20892. Publication no 92-3091, March 1992. Eur Respir J. 1992; 5:601–641.
2. Anderson SD, Brannan J, Spring J, Spalding N, Rodwell LT, Chan K, Gonda I, Walsh A, Clark AR. A new method for bronchial-provocation testing in asthmatic subjects using a dry powder of mannitol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156:758–765.
3. Hunter CJ, Brightling CE, Woltmann G, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. A comparison of the validity of different diagnostic tests in adults with asthma. Chest. 2002; 121:1051–1057.
4. Maestrelli P, Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Calcagni PG, Turato G, Ruggieri MP, Roggeri A, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Comparison of leukocyte counts in sputum, bronchial biopsies, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152:1926–1931.
5. Kharitonov SA, Gonio F, Kelly C, Meah S, Barnes PJ. Reproducibility of exhaled nitric oxide measurements in healthy and asthmatic adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2003; 21:433–438.
6. Barnes PJ, Belvisi MG. Nitric oxide and lung disease. Thorax. 1993; 48:1034–1043.
7. Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, Irvin CG, Leigh MW, Lundberg JO, Olin AC, Plummer AL, Taylor DR. American Thoracic Society Committee on Interpretation of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels (FENO) for Clinical Applications. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184:602–615.
8. Fabbri LM, Romagnoli M, Corbetta L, Casoni G, Busljetic K, Turato G, Ligabue G, Ciaccia A, Saetta M, Papi A. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167:418–424.
9. Kharitonov SA, Yates D, Barnes PJ. Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of normal human subjects with upper respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J. 1995; 8:295–297.
10. de Gouw HW, Grünberg K, Schot R, Kroes AC, Dick EC, Sterk PJ. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and airway hyperrehyperresponsiveness following experimental rhinovirus infection in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J. 1998; 11:126–132.
11. Barnes PJ, Liew FY. Nitric oxide and asthmatic inflammation. Immunol Today. 1995; 16:128–130.
12. Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma. Thorax. 1998; 53:91–95.
13. American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171:912–930.
14. Sandrini A, Taylor DR, Thomas PS, Yates DH. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma: an update. Respirology. 2010; 15:57–70.
15. Kim SH, Kim TH, Sohn JW, Yoon HJ, Shin DH, Park SS. Reference values and determinants of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy Korean adults. J Asthma. 2010; 47:563–567.
16. Shin C, Abbott RD, Lee H, Kim J, Kimm K. Prevalence and correlates of orthostatic hypotension in middle-aged men and women in Korea: the Korean Health and Genome Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2004; 18:717–723.
17. Morris JF. Spirometry in the evaluation of pulmonary function. West J Med. 1976; 125:110–118.
18. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG, MacIntyre NR, McKay RT, Wanger JS, Anderson SD, Cockcroft DW, Fish JE, Sterk PJ. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161:309–329.
19. Tsang KW, Ip SK, Leung R, Tipoe GL, Chan SL, Shum IH, Ip MS, Yan C, Fung PC, Chan-Yeung M, Lam W. Exhaled nitric oxide: the effects of age, gender and body size. Lung. 2001; 179:83–91.
20. Olivieri M, Talamini G, Corradi M, Perbellini L, Mutti A, Tantucci C, Malerba M. Reference values for exhaled nitric oxide (reveno) study. Respir Res. 2006; 7:94.
21. Travers J, Marsh S, Aldington S, Williams M, Shirtcliffe P, Pritchard A, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Reference ranges for exhaled nitric oxide derived from a random community survey of adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 176:238–242.
22. Ko FW, Leung TF, Wong GW, Chu JH, Sy HY, Hui DS. Determinants of, and reference equation for, exhaled nitric oxide in the Chinese population. Eur Respir J. 2013; 42:767–775.
23. Franklin PJ, Taplin R, Stick SM. A community study of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159:69–73.
24. Wong GW, Liu EK, Leung TF, Yung E, Ko FW, Hui DS, Fok TF, Lai CK. High levels and gender difference of exhaled nitric oxide in Chinese schoolchildren. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005; 35:889–893.
25. Latzin P, Beck J, Griese M. Exhaled nitric oxide in healthy children: variability and a lack of correlation with atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002; 13:37–46.
26. Kovesi T, Kulka R, Dales R. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration is affected by age, height, and race in healthy 9- to 12-year-old children. Chest. 2008; 133:169–175.
27. Buchvald F, Baraldi E, Carraro S, Gaston B, De Jongste J, Pijnenburg MW, Silkoff PE, Bisgaard H. Measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy subjects age 4 to 17 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115:1130–1136.
28. Olin AC, Bake B, Torén K. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide at 50 mL/s: reference values for adult lifelong never-smokers. Chest. 2007; 131:1852–1856.
29. Chng SY, Van Bever HP, Lian D, Lee SX, Xu XN, Wang XS, Goh DY. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and atopy in Asian young adults. Respirology. 2005; 10:40–45.
30. Olin AC, Aldenbratt A, Ekman A, Ljungkvist G, Jungersten L, Alving K, Torén K. Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air after intake of a nitrate-rich meal. Respir Med. 2001; 95:153–158.
31. Yemaneberhan H, Bekele Z, Venn A, Lewis S, Parry E, Britton J. Prevalence of wheeze and asthma and relation to atopy in urban and rural Ethiopia. Lancet. 1997; 350:85–90.
32. Ernst P, Cormier Y. Relative scarcity of asthma and atopy among rural adolescents raised on a farm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161:1563–1566.
33. Lee SY, Kwon JW, Seo JH, Song YH, Kim BJ, Yu J, Park KS, Kim H, Kim EJ, Lee JS, Hong SJ. Prevalence of atopy and allergic diseases in Korean children: associations with a farming environment and rural lifestyle. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012; 158:168–174.
34. Hanania NA, King MJ, Braman SS, Saltoun C, Wise RA, Enright P, Falsey AR, Mathur SK, Ramsdell JW, Rogers L, Stempel DA, Lima JJ, Fish JE, Wilson SR, Boyd C, Patel KV, Irvin CG, Yawn BP, Halm EA, Wasserman SI, Sands MF, Ershler WB, Ledford DK. Asthma in Elderly workshop participants. Asthma in the elderly: current understanding and future research needs--a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128:S4–24.
35. Kim YK, Kim SH, Tak YJ, Jee YK, Lee BJ, Kim SH, Park HW, Jung JW, Bahn JW, Chang YS, Choi DC, Chang SI, Min KU, Kim YY, Cho SH. High prevalence of current asthma and active smoking effect among the elderly. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002; 32:1706–1712.
36. King MJ, Hanania NA. Asthma in the elderly: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010; 16:55–59.
37. Enright PL, McClelland RL, Newman AB, Gottlieb DJ, Lebowitz MD. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in the elderly. Chest. 1999; 116:603–613.
TOOLS
ORCID iDs

Yoon-Seok Chang
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-0447

Hae-Sim Park
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-0303

Similar articles