Journal List > Korean J Nutr > v.43(6) > 1043851

Kim, Park, Kim, Cho, and Chang: Antihypertensive Properties of Dried Radish Leaves Powder in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract

The study aim was to investigate the antihypertensive effect after oral supplementation of dried radish leaves powder (DRLP). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (Wistar) by the tail cuff method after a 4-week diet with DRLP at the level of 2.5% or 5%. The supplementation of DRLP decreased SBP of SHR although the 5% supplementation level did not show any more pronounced effect than the 2.5% level did. The decrease in the SBP observed for both 2.5% and 5% DRLP was accompanied by significant increases of the urinary Na and K excretion. The DRLP supplementation showed a potent ACE-inhibitory activity in pulmonary tissue from both hypertensive and normotensive rats. However, the DRLP supplementation did not affect the SBP in normotensive rats. These results indicated that DRLP exerted an antihypertensive effect in SHR due to the decreased ACE activity and increased urinary Na excretion.

Figures and Tables

Table 1
Composition of experimental diets
kjn-43-561-i001

1) CC (control diet), RL (2.5% dried radish leaves powder), RH (5% dried radish leaves powder) 2) Mineral mixture provides calcium carbonate, 12.5 g: sodium chloride, 2.59 g: potassium citrate, 2.48 g: potassium phosphate, 6.86 g: potassium sulfate, 1.63 g: magnesium oxide, 0.85 g:manganous carbonate 0.02 g: ferric citrate, 0.21 g: zinc carbonate, 0.06 g: cupric carbonate, 0.01 g: potassium iodate, 0.00035 g: sodium selenite, 0.00036 g: chromium potassium sulfate, 0.01 g: ammonium paramolybdate, 0.0003 g: sodium meta-silicate, 0.05 g: libitiumchloride, 0.0006 g: boric acid, 0.003 g: sodium flouride, 0.002 g: nickel carbonate, 0.001 g: ammonium vanadate, 0.0002 g: sucrose finely powdered, 7.73 g 3) Vitamin mixture provides thiamin HCl, 0.006 g: riboflavin, 0.006 g: pyridoxine HCl, 0.007 g: nicotinic acid, 0.03 g: calcium pantothenate, 0.016 g: folic acid, 0.002 g: D-biotin, 0.0002 g: vitamin B12, 0.025 g: vitamin A palmitate, 0.008 g: DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate, 0.15 g: vitamin D3 0.002 g: vitamin K, 0.00075 g: sucrose finely ground, 9.75 g

Table 2
The concentration of total flavonoids and total phenols in dried radish leaves and various fruits (mg/100 g)
kjn-43-561-i002
Table 3
Total food intake, initial body weight, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER)
kjn-43-561-i003

1) Values are Means ± SEM for 6 rats per group 2) Values with different superscripts are significantly different in the same species as assessed by ANOVA test (p < 0.05)

WCC: Wistar, control diet, WRL: Wistar, 2.5% dried radish leaves powder, WRH: Wistar, 5% dried radish leaves powder, SCC: SHR, control diet, SRL: SHR, 2.5% dried radish leaves powder, SHR: SHR, 5% dried radish leaves powder

NS: Not significant *: p < 0.05 vs Wistar counterpart

Table 4
Systolic blood pressure of experimental rats
kjn-43-561-i004

1) Groups are same as in Table 3 2) Values are means ± SEM for 6 rats per group 3) Values with dif-ferent superscripts are significantly different in the same species as assessed by ANOVA test (p < 0.05)

NS: Not significant *: p < 0.05 vs Wistar counterpart

Table 5
Effect of dried radish leaves powder on ACE activities
kjn-43-561-i005

1) Groups are same as in Table 3 2) Values are means ± SEM for 6 rats per group 3) Values with different superscripts are significantly different in the same species as assessed by ANOVA test (p < 0.05)

NS: Not significant *: p < 0.05 vs Wistar counterpart

Table 6
Effect of radish leaf powder on GABA concentration in brain and serum
kjn-43-561-i006

1) Groups are same as in Table 3 2) Values are means ± SEM for 6 rats per group 3) Values with dif-ferent superscripts are significantly different in the same species as assessed by ANOVA test (p < 0.05)

NS: Not significant *: p < 0.05 vs Wistar counterpart

Table 7
Effect of radish leaf powder on urine constituent
kjn-43-561-i007

1) Groups are same as in Table 3 2) Values are means ± SEM for 6 rats per group 3) Values with different superscripts are significantly different in the same species as assessed by ANOVA test (p < 0.05) NS: Not significant

Notes

This research was supported by 15 agenda research project from Rural Development Administration (project No. PJ0067-062010).

References

1. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005. 365:217–223.
crossref
2. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002. 360:1347–1360.
crossref
3. Ministry of Health and Welfare. KHANES IV 2nd year report. 2008. 50.
4. Ames RP. Insights from Laragh's review course: the role of the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens. 2001. 15(7 Pt 1):653–654.
crossref
5. Saito Y, Nakamura K, Kawato K, Imayasu S. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors in sake and its by-products. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi. 1992. 66:1081–1087.
crossref
6. Okamoto A, Hanagata H, Matsumoto E, Kawamura Y, Koizumi Y, Yanagida F. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activities of various fermented foods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995. 59:1147–1149.
crossref
7. Hagiwara Y, Kubo T. γ-Aminobutyric acid in the lateral septal area is involved in mediation of the inhibition of hypothalamic angiotensin II sensitive neurons induced by blood pressure increases in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2007. 419:242–246.
crossref
8. Shonis CA, Waldrop TG. Augmented neuronal acitivity in the hypothalamus of spontaneously rats. Brain Res Bull. 1993. 30:45–52.
9. Shonis CA, Peano CA, Dillon GH, Waldrop TG. Cardiovascular response to blockade of GABA synthesis in the hypothalamus of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Res Bull. 1993. 31:493–499.
crossref
10. Singewald N, Schneider C, Philippu A. Disturbances in blood pressure homeostasis modify GABA release in the locus coeruleus. Neuroreport. 1994. 5:1709–1712.
crossref
11. Waeber B, Bruner HR. A look through the new therapeutic window: irbesartan. J Hypertens Suppl. 1998. 16:S11–S16.
12. Luo LF, Wu WH, Zhou YJ, Yan J, Yang GP, Ouyang DS. Antihypertensive effect of eucommia ulmoides oliv. extracts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010. 129(2):238–243.
crossref
13. Kwan CY. Vascular effects of selected antihypertensive drugs derived from traditional medicinal herbs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1995. 22(1):S297–S299.
crossref
14. Sutter MC, Wang YX. Recent cardiovascular drugs from Chinese medicinal plants. Cardiovasc Res. 1993. 27(11):1891–1901.
crossref
15. Gillis CN. Panax ginseng pharmacology: A nitric oxide link? Biochem Pharmacol. 1997. 54(1):1–8.
crossref
16. Schmidtlein H, Herrmann K. On phenolic acids of vegetables. I. hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of brassicaspecies and leaves of other cruciferae. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1975. 159(3):139–148.
17. Sgherri C, Cosi E, Navari-Izzo F. Phenols and antioxidative status of raphanus sativus grown in copper excess. Physiol Plant. 2003. 118(1):21–28.
crossref
18. Ku KH, Lee KA, Kim YE. Physiological activity of extracts from radish (raphanus sativus L.) leaves. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2008. 37(3):390–395.
crossref
19. Han JS, Kim JS, Kim MS, Choi YH, Minamide T, Huh SM. Changes on mineral contents of vegetable by various cooking methods. Korean J Food Cookery Sci. 1999. 15:382–387.
20. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. Gastrointestinal stimulatory and uterotonic activities of dietary radish leaves extract are mediated through multiple pathways. Phytother Res. 2005. 19(9):750–755.
crossref
21. Gilani AH, Ghayur MN. Pharmacological basis for the gut stimulatory activity of raphanus sativus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004. 95(2-3):169–172.
crossref
22. Marinova D, Ribarova F, Atanassova M. Total phenolics and total flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. J Univ Chem Technol Metall. 2005. 40(3):255–260.
23. Chun OK, Chung SJ, Song WO. Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2007. 137(5):1244–1252.
crossref
24. Neels HM, van Sande ME, Scharpe SL. Sensitive colorimetric assay for angiotensin converting enzyme in serum. Clin Chem. 1983. 29(7):1399–1403.
crossref
25. Clarke G, O'Mahony S, Malone G, Dinan TG. An isocratic high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of GABA and glutamate in discrete regions of the rodent brain. J Neurosci Methods. 2007. 160(2):223–230.
crossref
26. Vermeij TA, Edelbroek PM. Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin, gabapectin and vigabatrin in human serum by precolumn derivatization with o-phataldialdehyde and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004. 810(2):297–303.
crossref
27. Lee HS, Chang MJ, Kim SH. Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid o serum and brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res Pract. 2010. 4(1):23–29.
crossref
28. Peach MJ. Renin-angiotensin system: biochemistry and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev. 1977. 57(2):313–370.
crossref
29. Soubrier F, Wei L, Hubert C, Clauser E, Alhenc-Gelas F, Corvol P. Molecular biology of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme: II. Structure-function. Gene polymorphism and clinical implications. J Hypertens. 1993. 11(6):599–604.
crossref
30. de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger TH. International Union of pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2000. 52:415–472.
31. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003. 42(6):1206–1252.
crossref
32. Endemann D, Touyz Rm, Li JS, Deng LY, Schiffrin EL. Altered angiotensin II-induced small artery contraction during the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1999. 12(7):716–723.
crossref
33. Remuzzi G, Perico N, Macia M, Ruggenenti P. The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005. (99):S57–S65.
crossref
34. Azizi M, Webb R, Nussberger J, Hollenberg NK. Renin inhibition with aliskiren: where are we now, and where are we going? J Hypertens. 2006. 24(2):243–256.
crossref
35. Arendshorst WJ, Chatziantoniou C, Daniels FH. Role of angiotensin in the renal vasoconstriction observed during the development of genetic hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl. 1990. 30:S92–S96.
36. Correa FMA, Viswanathan M, CIUFFO GM, Tsutsumi K, Saavedra JM. Kidney angiotensin II receptors and converting enzyme in neonatal and adult wistar-kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Peptides. 1995. 16(1):19–24.
crossref
37. Niwa A, Israel A, Saavedra JM. Pindolol decreases plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1985. 110(1):133–136.
crossref
38. Dillon GH, Shonis CA, Waldrop TG. Hypothalamic GABAergic modulation of respiratory responses to baroreceptor stimulation. Respir Physiol. 1991. 85(3):289–304.
crossref
39. DiMicco JA, Abshire VM. Evidence of GABAergic inhibition of a hypothalamic sympathoexcitatory mechanism in anesthetized rats. Brain Res. 1987. 402:1–10.
crossref
40. Hagiwara Y, Kubo T. γ-Aminobutyric acid in the lateral septal area is involved in mediation of the inhibition of hypothalamic angiotensin II-sensitive neurons induced by blood pressure increases in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2007. 419(3):242–246.
crossref
41. Adachi N, Tomonaga S, Tachibana T, Denbow DM, Furuse M. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates acute stress responses through GABAergic system in the brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006. 531(1-3):171–175.
crossref
42. Qian ZN, Song LH, Gu ZL, Chen BQ, Zhang KP, Li Hz, Peng YK. An experimental observation on the diuretic effect of an extract of Luobuma (Apocynum 6enetum) leaves. Zhong Yao Tong Bao. 1988. 13(10):44–46.
43. Kim D, Yokozawa T, Hattori M, Kadota S, Namba T. Effects of aqueous extracts of Apocynum 6enetum leaves on spontaneously hypertensive, renal hypertensive and NaCl-fed-hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000. 72(1-2):53–59.
crossref
44. Jouad H, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Lyoussi B, Eddouks M. Effects of the flavonoids extracted from Spergularia purpurea Pers. on arterial blood pressure and renal function in normal and hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001. 76(2):159–163.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles