Designing optimized food intake patterns for Korean adults using linear programming (I): analysis of data from the 2010~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Kana Asano; Hongsuk Yang; Youngmi Lee; Jihyun Yoon

doi:10.4163/jnh.2018.51.1.73

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Asano, Yang, Lee, and Yoon: Designing optimized food intake patterns for Korean adults using linear programming (I): analysis of data from the 2010~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2018; 51(1): 73-86.

Published online: 28 February 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2018.51.1.73

Designing optimized food intake patterns for Korean adults using linear programming (I): analysis of data from the 2010~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Kana Asano¹, Hongsuk Yang², Youngmi Lee³, Jihyun Yoon^1,⁴

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

²Department of Business Administration, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

³Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Korea.

⁴Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-880-8750, hoonyoon@snu.ac.kr

Received 15 October 2017 Revised 5 November 2017 Accepted 17 January 2018

The Korean Nutrition Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to design optimized food intake patterns that meet the nutritional recommendations with minimal changes from the current food intake patterns among Korean adults using linear programming.

Methods

Data of a one day 24-hour dietary recall from the 2010~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey were used to quantify the food items that Korean adults usually consumed. These food items were categorized into seven groups and 24 subgroups. The mean intakes and intake distributions of the food groups and the food subgroups were calculated for eight age (19~29, 30~49, 50~64, and over 65 years old) and gender (male and female) groups. A linear programming model was constructed to minimize the difference between the optimized and mean intakes of the food subgroups while meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for energy and 13 nutrients, and not exceeding the typical quantities of each food subgroup consumed by the respective age and gender groups.

Results

The optimized food intake patterns, which were a set of quantities of 24 food subgroups, were obtained mathematically for eight age and gender groups. Overall, major modifications of current diet were required to increase the intake of vegetables and milk/dairy products and decrease the Kimchi intake. The optimized intake of seasonings, including salt, was calculated to be 0 g for all the age and gender groups.

Conclusion

The optimized food intake patterns designed using linear programming in this study lack feasibility because they suggest a seasoning consumption of 0 g. Modification of intake goal for sodium is needed to obtain optimized food intake patterns with improved feasibility.

Keywords: linear programming, nutritional requirements, nutrition surveys, food

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Age and gender distribution of study subjects

Data were analyzed using complex sample module.

Table 2

Classification of food groups and food subgroups in the study

Table 3

The liner programming model used in the study

Table 4

Food intake constrains applied to the linear programming models for Korean male adults

Data were analyzed using complex sample module.

10^th: 10^th percentile of the observed distribution in the food group or food subgroup obtained by analyzing the data of a one day 24-hour dietary recall from the 2010–2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey

90^th: 90^th percentile of the observed distribution in the food group or food subgroup obtained by analyzing the data of a one day 24-hour dietary recall from the 2010–2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey

Hyphens (-) in the table mean that constraints were not set.

1) Including ‘Galaetteok’ eaten as ‘Sliced rice cake soup’ and ‘Rice cake and mandu soup’

Table 5

Food intake constrains applied to the linear programming models for Korean female adults

Data were analyzed using complex sample module.

Hyphens (-) in the table mean that constraints were not set.

1) Including ‘Galaetteok’ eaten as ‘Sliced rice cake soup’ and ‘Rice cake and mandu soup’

Table 6

Comparison of food subgroup amounts between observed and optimized food intake patterns among Korean male adults

1) Data were analyzed using complex sample module. 2) Including ‘Galaetteok’ eaten as ‘Sliced rice cake soup’ and ‘Rice cake and mandu soup’

Table 7

Comparison of food subgroup amounts between observed and optimized food intake patterns among Korean female adults

1) Data were analyzed using complex sample module. 2) Including ‘Galaetteok’ eaten as ‘Sliced rice cake soup’ and ‘Rice cake and mandu soup’

Table 8

Comparison of nutrient contents between observed and optimized food intake patterns among Korean male adults

Hyphens (-) in the table mean that constraints were not set.

1) The unit used for vitamin A in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) was changed from µg retinol equivalents (µg RE) to µg retinol activity equivalents (µg RAE) in 2015. Therefore, we used the 2010 KDRIs for vitamin A.

Table 9

Comparison of nutrient contents between observed and optimized food intake patterns among Korean female adults

Hyphens (-) in the table mean that constraints were not set.

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