Journal List > Diabetes Metab J > v.43(2) > 1142347

Park, Mun, Choi, Lee, and Kim: Association between Changes in Anthropometric Indices and in Fasting Insulin Levels among Healthy Korean Adolescents: The JS High School Study

Abstract

Background

This study investigated the association between changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels among healthy adolescents and whether the association differed by baseline obesity status.

Methods

This analysis was based on data collected for the JS High School study; 884 healthy adolescents aged 15 to 16 years followed up for 24 to 30 months were included. Changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels were computed as the difference between baseline and follow-up values. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the association between changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels. Based on body mass index (BMI)-for-age and waist circumference (WC)-for-age percentiles, participants were classified as normal weight (<85th percentile), overweight (85th percentile to <95th percentile), or obese (≥95th percentile).

Results

Changes in BMI, WC, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio were significantly associated with changes in fasting insulin levels in both sexes (P<0.05). In analyses stratified by baseline obesity status, the association between change in BMI and change in fasting insulin was significantly stronger in overweight (males: standardized β=1.136; females: standardized β=1.262) and obese (males: standardized β=1.817; females: standardized β=2.290) participants than in those with normal weight (males: standardized β=0.957; females: standardized β=0.976) at baseline. Results were similar for changes in WC.

Conclusion

Changes in anthropometric indices were positively associated with fasting insulin level increases. Moreover, those who were overweight or obese at baseline had a higher absolute increase in fasting insulin levels per one standard deviation unit increase in anthropometric indices than adolescents with normal weight.

INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization, childhood overweight and obesity are among the most serious health issues that cause secondary health problems and lead to obesity in adulthood [1]. In the United States, the prevalence of obesity for children and adolescents was 16.9% in 2009 to 2010 [2]. In Korea, the prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased from 5.8% in 1997 to 9.7% in 2005, with the increase more pronounced in boys, particularly those aged 13 to 18 years [3]. In particular, Korean adolescents have less physical activities and increased sedentary behavior because of their daily schoolwork, making them obese [45].
The association between obesity and insulin resistance has been reported in observational studies [678910]. Adolescent obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood [910]. Recent studies have demonstrated that high levels of glucose homeostasis variables, such as glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), in childhood not only persist into adulthood but also predict pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus and are related to cardiometabolic risk factors in adults [78]. There is also evidence that insulin resistance are not only the result of obesity, but also the possibility of contributing to the onset of obesity [11]. Despite extensive studies on insulin resistance and obesity, the association between changes in anthropometric indices during adolescents and changes in levels of glucose homeostasis variables remains unclear.
Therefore, we investigated the association between changes in anthropometric indices and change in fasting insulin levels over 2.4 years and further investigated whether the association differs according to obesity status at baseline.

METHODS

Study population

Our study was based on data collected for the JS High School study, which is a prospective cohort study of a Korean adolescent population. The target population of the JS High School study was first graders at a high school located in a rural area of South Korea. Baseline examinations were conducted on 1,071 participants in 2007, 2010, 2011, and 2012. Participants enrolled from 2007 through 2011 were re-examined after 30 months of follow-up, and those enrolled in 2012 were re-examined after 24 months of follow-up. We based our study on the 884 participants who participated in both the baseline investigations at first grade and the re-examination at third grade. The details of the study design and procedures have been previously described [12]. All participants had no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Informed consent was obtained from each student as well as from his/her parent or guardian after full explanation of the purpose and process of the study. The study protocol and consent procedure were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Severance Hospital at Yonsei University College of Medicine (approval No. 4-20100169).

Measurements

Health-related lifestyle factors and disease history were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. Smokers were defined as participants who smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Drinkers were defined as participants who consumed alcoholic beverages at least once a month over the last year. Regular exercise was defined as engaging in physical activity for at least 30 minutes once a week at moderate intensity, either indoor or outdoor. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer, while body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg on a digital scale (Seca 763; SECA, Hamburg, Germany), with the subject wearing his/her school uniform. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured between the lower borders of the rib cage and the iliac crest with a measuring tape. Hip circumference was measured at the level of widest circumference over the greater trochanters. Waist-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated as WC divided by hip circumference. Waist-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated as WC divided by height.
Resting blood pressure was measured twice at 5-minute intervals using an automatic sphygmomanometer (Dinamap 1846 SX/P; GE, Chicago, IL, USA) with the participant in the sitting position. If the two readings differed by more than 10 mm Hg, additional measurements were obtained and the last two readings were averaged. Fasting blood samples were drawn after at least an 8-hour fasting. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured via enzymatic methods using an autoanalyzer (ADVIA 1800; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA). Fasting glucose level was measured via a glucose hexokinase method. The insulin level was measured via a radioimmunometric method. The HOMA-IR was calculated as the product of the fasting plasma insulin level (µIU/L) and the fasting plasma glucose level (mg/dL) divided by 405.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented either as mean±standard deviation or number with percent. Differences between baseline and follow-up were analyzed using a paired t-test. Correlations between variables were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the association between anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels, adjusting for potential confounding variables, including age, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity. To examine whether the association was dependent on baseline obesity status, we stratified the analyses according to the following baseline categories of BMI and WC. Sex-specific BMI-for-age and WC-for-age percentiles were calculated following the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts [13]. Based on BMI-for-age percentiles, participants were classified as normal weight (<85th percentile), overweight (85th percentile to <95th percentile), or obese (≥95th percentile). Based on WC-for-age percentiles, participants were classified as normal (<90th percentile) or obese (≥90th percentile). The changes in anthropometric indices and fasting insulin levels were computed as the difference between baseline and follow-up values. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided P value less than 0.05.

RESULTS

The clinical and biochemical characteristics at baseline and their changes over 2.4 years are presented in Table 1. As would be expected, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and fasting insulin levels were increased in both sexes. Meanwhile, triglycerides and fasting glucose significantly decreased in both sexes. Although BMI significantly increased in both sexes, BMI z-score decreased by 0.06 in males and by 0.19 in females on average. Fasting glucose decreased by 5.1 mg/dL in males and by 4.7 mg/dL in females on average. At follow-up, the proportion of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C concentrations was observed in 2.8%, 1.5%, 3.9%, and 17.2% of males, respectively. In females, the proportion of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C concentrations was observed in 0.7%, 0.7%, 3.5%, and 33.6%, respectively.
Results of multivariate linear regression analyses are presented in Table 2. In both sexes, increases in anthropometric indices were associated with increase in fasting insulin on follow-up in the unadjusted model. These associations remained significant even after adjusting for baseline age, BMI (or WC), smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake. In males, the change in BMI was more strongly associated with change in fasting insulin (BMI: β=1.026, P<0.001) than indices of abdominal obesity (WC: β=0.822, P=0.001; WHR: β=0.586, P=0.012; WHtR: β=0.735, P=0.002). Meanwhile, in females, the change in indices of abdominal obesity was more strongly associated with change in fasting insulin (WC: β=1.258, P<0.001; WHR: β=1.183, P<0.001; WHtR: β=1.234, P<0.001) than BMI (β=1.047, P<0.001).
Results of subgroup analysis of obesity status at baseline are presented in Table 3. In analyses stratified by baseline BMI categories, the association between change in BMI and change in fasting insulin was stronger in the overweight group (males: β=1.136, P=0.028; females: β=1.262, P=0.389) and in the obese group (males: β=1.817, P=0.036; females: β=2.290, P= 0.040), than in the normal group (males: β=0.957, P=0.008; females: β=0.976, P<0.001) at baseline after adjusting for baseline age, WC, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake. Similarly, in analyses stratified by baseline WC categories, the association between change in WC and change in fasting insulin was stronger in the obese group (males: β=1.806, P= 0.060; females: β=2.080, P=0.017) than in the normal group (males: β=0.648, P=0.010; females: β=1.085, P<0.001) at baseline. There was a similar association between changes in obesity indices and change in HOMA-IR.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we demonstrated that the level of insulin increase was associated with changes in BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR. Among the obesity indices, BMI and WC were more strongly associated with increase of fasting insulin levels than WHR and WHtR, and these associations were more pronounced among those who were overweight or obese at baseline compared to normal weight participants.
Our findings are consistent with other studies showing that obesity is associated with fasting insulin levels, and both BMI and WC were strongly associated with serum insulin levels compared to other anthropometric indices [141516]. In this study, fasting insulin levels are strongly associated with BMI in males, while they are associated with indicators of central obesity (WC, WHR, and WHtR) in females, presumably because of the difference in growth rate between males and females. Before women start menstruating, they have already reached close to their maximum height [17]. On the other hand, the growth rate of men peaks when they are approximately 14 years old, and the growth continues until about 18 to 20 years old [18]. Similarly, the average age of the participants in our study was 16 years old, which was when the growth spurts of the females was over, but the males continue to grow.
A cohort study of 3,313 children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years reported that elevated fasting insulin levels have been shown to persist over time in children [19]. In addition, another previous study showed that participants aged 12 to 23 years with persistently high levels of insulin over the 8-year period had adverse effects on the levels of BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein cholesterols, and they were more likely to develop hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity in young adulthood [20]. In our study, increasing levels of obesity indicators in obese adolescents at baseline was more closely associated with increasing fasting insulin levels than in those with normal weight. Our results indicated that obesity may play an important role in the association of the increases of insulin levels. Chronic elevated blood insulin levels promote further insulin resistance through desensitization of target cells by reducing the number of receptors expressed at the cell surface [2122]. Based on these mechanisms, the increase in insulin levels during adolescence might be associated with the risk of early adulthood onset type 2 diabetes mellitus [23]. In addition, we also demonstrated that correlation between obesity and fasting blood glucose was weaker than insulin levels in adolescents (Supplementary Table 1). According to previous studies [2425], in adolescents, insulin resistance may be associated with normal fasting blood glucose due to pancreatic compensatory hyperinsulinemia. In young people without diabetes, although plasma glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range through puberty, have increased fasting insulin levels [2627]. In fact, according to our results, the blood glucose concentration decreased and the insulin concentration increased for 2 years. This may be a sign of insulin resistance, where insulin secretion increases with increasing adiposity to maintain normal glucose levels [28]. Adolescence is generally easy to think that healthy group with a low incidence rate of cardiovascular disease or mortality rate. However, even if the symptoms do not appear, most illnesses and many health problems already begin in adolescence. In the same vein, it can be overlooked that obese adolescents continue to have elevated levels of insulin to control their blood glucose.
This study has some limitations. First, most of the study participants were in the midst of puberty; thus, hormonal status may influence the indices of anthropometry, as well as glucose homeostasis variables. Moreover, insulin resistance during puberty cannot be distinguished from insulin resistance due to obesity. In addition, our results showed that insulin concentration and HOMA-IR increased, but triglyceride, a factor associated with insulin resistance, decreased. Although we measured fasting insulin and calculated HOMA-IR, these indicators may not reflect changes in insulin resistance in adolescence. Second, because of the lack of dietary intake data, this study did not address the role of diet in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and related risk of obesity. Finally, this study was conducted at a single high school and included one ethnic group; thus, the study findings cannot be generalized to other adolescent populations. In cross-sectional study of general Korean adolescents [29], insulin and HOMA-IR decreased by increasing age. When the same population was followed up as in our study, the results showed that insulin and HOMA-IR may increase by increasing age. Therefore, more follow-up studies are needed for adolescents.
In conclusion, this study suggests that increase in BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were positively associated with increase in fasting insulin levels. Among all anthropometric indices, BMI and WC were more associated with elevated fasting insulin levels. Furthermore, compared with healthy adolescents, overweight or obese adolescents at baseline may have higher insulin levels when anthropometric indices are increased. Although insulin measurements are not recommended in adolescents [30], our results suggest that changes in obesity indices in adolescence may lead to an increase in insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR. As in many areas of child health, increases in anthropometric indices during adolescence will affect the overall health during adulthood. Therefore, lifestyle practices that prevent or control obesity are important during adolescence, and these practices may help prevent hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and even diabetes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) (No. 2010-0007860, No. 2015R1D1A-1A09057301).

Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

1. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. cited 2018 Dec 27. Available from: https://www.who.int/nmh/wha/59/dpas/en/.
2. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012; 307:483–490. PMID: 22253364.
crossref
3. Oh K, Jang MJ, Lee NY, Moon JS, Lee CG, Yoo MH, Kim YT. Prevalence and trends in obesity among Korean children and adolescents in 1997 and 2005. Korean J Pediatr. 2008; 51:950–955.
crossref
4. Lee M, Larson R. The Korean ‘examination hell’: long hours of studying, distress, and depression. J Youth Adolesc. 2000; 29:249–271.
crossref
5. Kong IG, Lee HJ, Kim SY, Sim S, Choi HG. Physical activity, study sitting time, leisure sitting time, and sleep time are differently associated with obesity in Korean adolescents: a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94:e1965. PMID: 26554807.
6. Daniels SR, Arnett DK, Eckel RH, Gidding SS, Hayman LL, Kumanyika S, Robinson TN, Scott BJ, St Jeor S, Williams CL. Overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation. 2005; 111:1999–2012. PMID: 15837955.
7. Nguyen QM, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Chen W, Berenson GS. Changes in risk variables of metabolic syndrome since childhood in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31:2044–2049. PMID: 18628566.
8. Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Changes in metabolic syndrome variables since childhood in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 2006; 48:33–39. PMID: 16769996.
9. Sinaiko AR, Donahue RP, Jacobs DR Jr, Prineas RJ. Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults. The Minneapolis Children’s Blood Pressure Study. Circulation. 1999; 99:1471–1476. PMID: 10086972.
10. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:869–873. PMID: 9302300.
crossref
11. Karpe F, Dickmann JR, Frayn KN. Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation. Diabetes. 2011; 60:2441–2449. PMID: 21948998.
crossref
12. Choi DP, Lee JY, Kim HC. Cohort profile: The JS High School study (JSHS): a cohort study of Korean adolescents. Int J Epidemiol. 2017; 46:393–402. PMID: 25948660.
crossref
13. Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean Children and Adolescents Growth Standard (commentary for the development of 2007 growth chart). Seoul: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention;2007.
14. Kondaki K, Grammatikaki E, Pavon DJ, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gross M, Sjostrom M, Gottrand F, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Kafatos A, Gilbert C, Kersting M, De Henauw S. Comparison of several anthropometric indices with insulin resistance proxy measures among European adolescents: The Helena Study. Eur J Pediatr. 2011; 170:731–739. PMID: 21052739.
crossref
15. Freedman DS, Kahn HS, Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relation of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86:33–40. PMID: 17616760.
crossref
16. Sung RY, Yu CC, Choi KC, McManus A, Li AM, Xu SL, Chan D, Lo AF, Chan JC, Fok TF. Waist circumference and body mass index in Chinese children: cutoff values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31:550–558. PMID: 16953258.
crossref
17. Nakamoto JM. Myths and variations in normal pubertal development. West J Med. 2000; 172:182–185. PMID: 10734809.
crossref
18. Malina RM, Bouchard C. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books;1991.
19. Burke GL, Webber LS, Srinivasan SR, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Freedman DS, Berenson GS. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in children: Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism. 1986; 35:441–446. PMID: 3517558.
crossref
20. Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1996; 93:54–59. PMID: 8616941.
21. Gavin JR 3rd, Roth J, Neville DM Jr, de Meyts P, Buell DN. Insulin-dependent regulation of insulin receptor concentrations: a direct demonstration in cell culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974; 71:84–88. PMID: 4359334.
crossref
22. Hunter SJ, Garvey WT. Insulin action and insulin resistance: diseases involving defects in insulin receptors, signal transduction, and the glucose transport effector system. Am J Med. 1998; 105:331–345. PMID: 9809695.
23. Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP. Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes. 1993; 42:1663–1672. PMID: 8405710.
crossref
24. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin RS, Caprio S. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:802–810. PMID: 11893791.
crossref
25. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32:342–347. PMID: 18957533.
26. Smith CP, Dunger DB, Williams AJ, Taylor AM, Perry LA, Gale EA, Preece MA, Savage MO. Relationship between insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations during childhood, puberty, and adult life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989; 68:932–937. PMID: 2523898.
crossref
27. Rosenbloom AL, Wheeler L, Bianchi R, Chin FT, Tiwary CM, Grgic A. Age-adjusted analysis of insulin responses during normal and abnormal glucose tolerance tests in children and adolescents. Diabetes. 1975; 24:820–828. PMID: 1158042.
crossref
28. Nambiar S, Truby H, Davies PS, Baxter K. Use of the waist-height ratio to predict metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013; 49:E281–E287. PMID: 23521181.
crossref
29. Yi KH, Hwang JS, Kim EY, Lee SH, Kim DH, Lim JS. Prevalence of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in Korean children and adolescents: a population-based study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103:106–113. PMID: 24290751.
crossref
30. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, Yanovski JA. Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102:709–757. PMID: 28359099.
crossref

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Supplementary Table 1

Correlation between changes in obesity indices and changes in levels of glucose homeostasis variables
dmj-43-183-s001.pdf
Table 1

Clinical characteristics at baseline and follow-up examinations

dmj-43-183-i001
Variable Baseline Follow-up Change P value
Male (n=458)
 Age, yr 15.9±0.4 18.3±0.3 2.4±0.2 <0.001
 Height, cm 171.4±5.2 172.9±5.1 1.5±1.6 <0.001
 Weight, kg 64.8±10.1 68.1±10.3 3.2±4.6 <0.001
 BMI, kg/m2 22.0±3.1 22.7±3.0 0.7±1.5 <0.001
 WC, cm 73.4±7.9 75.7±8.1 2.3±5.0 <0.001
 Hip circumference, cm 94.2±6.3 96.0±6.7 1.8±5.2 <0.001
 WHR, % 77.8±5.1 78.8±5.9 1.0±6.1 0.001
 WHtR, % 42.8±4.6 43.8±4.6 0.9±3.0 <0.001
 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 115.1±12.7 123.7±11.7 8.6±12.9 <0.001
 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 61.5±7.9 68.7±7.8 7.2±9.2 <0.001
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL 149.0±25.4 158.8±28.8 10.1±18.2 <0.001
 Triglycerides, mg/dL 76 (59–97) 68 (52–89) −6.5±34.6 <0.001
 HDL-C, mg/dL 44.6±10.3 52.1±10.4 7.6±8.8 <0.001
 Fasting glucose, mg/dL 88.3±7.1 83.2±7.5 −5.1±7.3 <0.001
 Insulin, µIU/L 8.5±2.8 9.8±5.0 1.2±4.7 <0.001
 HOMA-IR 1.9±0.7 2.0±1.3 0.2±1.2 0.007
Female (n=426)
 Age, yr 15.9±0.4 18.3±0.3 2.4±0.2 <0.001
 Height, cm 159.9±5.0 160.5±5.1 0.6±0.8 <0.001
 Weight, kg 54.2±7.4 56.0±8.2 1.8±3.8 <0.001
 BMI, kg/m2 21.2±2.6 21.7±2.9 0.6±1.5 <0.001
 WC, cm 68.6±6.7 69.7±8.3 1.1±7.4 0.002
 Hip circumference, cm 93.2±5.2 94.0±5.8 0.8±3.7 <0.001
 WHR, % 73.5±5.0 74.0±6.6 0.6±7.5 0.111
 WHtR, % 42.9±4.1 43.5±5.1 0.5±4.6 0.017
 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 104.1±10.1 111.2±9.6 7.1±10.6 <0.001
 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 60.4±7.2 65.5±8.0 5.1±8.3 <0.001
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL 162.1±26.6 164.9±25.6 3.7±20.6 <0.001
 Triglycerides, mg/dL 75 (56–65) 66 (52–84) −4.8±36.4 0.009
 HDL-C, mg/dL 50.2±11.0 56.9±11.4 7.3±9.6 <0.001
 Fasting glucose, mg/dL 86.4±6.8 81.8±7.4 −4.7±7.2 <0.001
 Insulin, µIU/L 8.6±2.8 9.9±4.6 1.3±4.6 <0.001
 HOMA-IR 1.8±0.7 2.0±1.2 0.2±1.1 0.002

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-height ratio; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Table 2

Association between changes in obesity indices and change in fasting insulin

dmj-43-183-i002
Obesity indices Association with Δinsulin (μIU/L)
Unadjusted Adjusted
β P value β P value
Male (n=458)
 ΔBMI 0.905 <0.001 1.026 <0.001
 ΔWC 0.760 0.001 0.822 0.001
 ΔWHR 0.541 <0.001 0.586 0.012
 ΔWHtR 0.671 0.003 0.735 0.002
Female (n=426)
 ΔBMI 1.004 <0.001 1.047 <0.001
 ΔWC 1.020 <0.001 1.258 <0.001
 ΔWHR 0.982 <0.001 1.183 <0.001
 ΔWHtR 0.993 <0.001 1.234 <0.001

Adjusted for age, waist circumference (only BMI analysis), BMI (WC, WHR, and WHtR analysis), smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity at baseline.

Δ, change between baseline and follow-up; β, regression coefficients are calculated per one standard deviation for each anthropometric variable; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-height ratio.

Table 3

Association between changes in obesity indices and change in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, stratified by obesity status at baseline

dmj-43-183-i003
Obesity status at baseline No. of people Δinsulin ΔHOMA-IR
β P value β P value
Male (n=458)
 ΔBMI
  Baseline BMI <85th percentile 381 0.957 0.008 0.136 0.078
  Baseline BMI 85th to <95th percentile 51 1.136 0.028 0.241 0.028
  Baseline BMI ≥95th percentile 26 1.817 0.036 0.408 0.037
 ΔWC
  Baseline WC <90th percentile 435 0.648 0.010 0.150 0.027
  Baseline WC ≥90th percentile 23 1.806 0.060 0.355 0.071
Female (n=426)
 ΔBMI
  Baseline BMI <85th percentile 362 1.007 <0.001 0.216 0.001
  Baseline BMI 85th to <95th percentile 40 1.262 0.389 0.214 0.509
  Baseline BMI ≥95th percentile 24 2.535 0.016 0.557 0.011
 ΔWC
  Baseline WC <90th percentile 392 1.085 <0.001 0.220 0.002
  Baseline WC ≥90th percentile 34 2.080 0.017 0.479 0.013

Adjusted for age, waist circumference (only BMI analysis), BMI (only WC analysis), smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity at baseline.

HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; Δ, change between baseline and follow-up; β, regression coefficients are calculated per one standard deviation for each anthropometric variable; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.

TOOLS
Similar articles