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Kim, Shin, Jo, Moon, Park, Kim, Lee, Kim, and Ko: Comprehensive Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Elders Utilizing Senior Welfare Centers
Original Article

Perspectives in Nursing Science 2015;12(1):50-59.

Published online: 19 April 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16952/pns.2015.12.1.50

Comprehensive Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Elders Utilizing Senior Welfare Centers

Eun-Kyung Kim1, , Youn Gyeong Shin2, Eun Jeong Jo2, Da Seul Moon2, Kyeong Min Park2, Eung Kyung Kim2, Su Jung Lee2, Hyun Jin Kim2, Han Sol Ko2

1Professor, Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju

2Undergraduate Student, Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Eun-Kyung Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 362-763, Korea. Tel: +82-43-249-1730, Fax: +82-43-266-1710, E-mail: kyung11@cbnu.ac.kr

Received 3 March 2015       Revised 23 April 2015       Accepted 23 April 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors on the quality of life of elders. Methods: Data were collected from August 25, September 1, 2014, and participants were 300 elders who were using senior welfare centers. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: Elders who were more painful, highly perceived health status, self-esteem and social support, and lower depression showed relatively higher quality of life. Also, there were strong correlations between quality of life and depression (r=-.737) /perceived health status (r=.709). Factors predicted quality of life of elders were perceived health status (β=.349), depression (β=-.267), social support (β=.172), self-esteem (β=.170), pain (β=-.130), income (β=.113), and level of education (β=.064). These 7 factors explained 78.2% of the variance in quality of life of elders (F=154.49, p<.001). Conclusion: Therefore, in order to improve the quality of life of elders, a systematic approach is necessary through multilateral cooperation among comprehensive sectors.

Keywords: Elderly, Health status, Pain, Depression, Quality of life

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Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants (N=300)
Characteristics Categories n (%)
Gender Male 155 (51.7)
Female 145 (48.3)
Age (year) 65~74 89 (29.7)
75~84 158 (52.6)
≥85 53 (17.7)
Religion Yes 181 (60.3)
No 119 (39.7)
Level of education None 87 (29.0)
Elementary school 85 (28.4)
Middle school 37 (12.3)
High school 52 (17.3)
≥College 39 (13.0)
Marital status Married 147 (49.0)
Widow 145 (48.3)
Divorce 6 (2.0)
Single 2 (0.7)
Income Very low 23 (7.7)
Low 114 (38.0)
Abundance 153 (51.0)
Very abundance 10 (3.3)
Inmate Yes 205 (68.3)
No 95 (31.7)
Leisure facility Senior center 150 (50.0)
Welfare center 150 (50.0)
Chronic disease Yes 252 (84.0)
No 48 (16.0)
ADL Partial dependence 21 (7.0)
Independence 279 (93.0)

ADL=Activities of daily living.

Table 2.
Comparison of Perceived Health Status, Pain, Self-esteem, Social Support, Depression and Quality of Life by Characteristics of Participants (N=300
Variables Categories Perceived health status Pain (score) Self-esteem Social support Depression Quality of life
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 9.44±3.17 -1.021 3.15±2.98 2.809 35.28±5.32 1.090 52.74±8.25 3.112 5.12±4.19 -1.014 82.77±14.20 -0.055
Female 9.80±2.89 (.308) 4.12±3.02 (.005) 34.63±4.98 (.277) 56.20±10.77 (.002) 4.64±4.03 (.311) 82.86±14.79 (.956)
Age (year) 65~74 a 10.44±2.71 4.651 2.94±2.81 3.245 35.47±5.13 2.401 55.02±9.40 1.858 4.04±3.99 5.319 86.02±14.43 6.492
75~84 b 9.29±3.11 (.010) 3.95±3.14 (.040) 35.09±5.30 (.092) 54.84±10.06 (.158) 4.88±4.03 (.005) 82.91±14.34 (.002)
≥85 c 9.28±3.10 a＞ b. c 3.77±2.95 a＜ b 33.58±4.56 a＞ c 52.09±8.86 6.34±4.23 a, b＜ c 77.13±13.54 a, b＞ c
Religion Yes 9.74±2.96 -0.791 3.46±3.09 1.106 35.23±5.06 -1.180 56.00±9.39 -3.562 4.04±3.69 4.373 84.36±14.70 -2.331
No 9.45±3.14 (.430) 3.86±2.96 (.270) 34.50±5.28 (.240) 51.98±9.69 (＜.001) 6.18±4.40 (＜.001) 80.45±13.88 (.021)
Level of education None a 9.05±3.46 3.220 4.76±2.95 9.153 35.57±5.22 1.408 53.46±10.14 5.25±4.20 78.79±14.24 4.960
Elementary school b 9.20±2.88 (.013) 4.07±3.09 (＜.001) 34.28±4.87 (.231) 54.59±10.37 0.663 5.80±3.97 2.642 80.79±12.30 (.001)
Middle school c 10.43±2.75 a, b＜ c, e 2.84±2.87 a, b＞ c, d, e 35.32±5.64 55.81±10.12 (.618) 4.00±4.13 (.034) 86.00±16.23 a＜ d, e
High school d 9.96±2.98 2.86±2.86 36.28±5.07 55.46±8.96 4.00±3.99 b＞ c, d, e 86.75±15.89
Above college e 10.64±2.17 1.85±2.25 35.02±5.11 53.41±7.57 4.13±4.02 87.92±12.89
Marital status Married a 9.97±2.86 1.813 3.15±2.88 2.898 35.30±4.85 1.937 54.95±8.41 0.748 4.33±3.74 3.363 84.91±12.92 2.061
Widowed b 9.22±3.17 (.145) 4.07±3.12 (.035) 34.75±5.31 (.124) 54.11±10.75 (.524) 5.34±4.33 (.019) 80.87±15.54 (.106)
Divorce c 10.67±3.20 3.33±3.08 30.33±7.53 56.17±11.86 5.67±5.32 a, b, c＜ d 79.67±21.65
Single d 10.50±2.12 6.50±4.95 35.50±2.12 49.50±14.85 11.50±2.12 79.00±4.24
Income Very low a 8.48±3.42 9.515 5.17±2.85 3.917 30.60±5.16 24.487 45.70±10.75 18.349 8.87±4.41 23.032 69.09±15.37 34.103
Low b 8.75±2.82 (＜.001) 3.96±2.98 (.009) 33.11±5.00 (＜.001) 51.60±9.74 (＜.001) 6.26±4.05 (＜.001) 76.43±12.39 (＜.001)
Abundance c 10.31±2.89 a＜ d 3.20±3.02 a＞ c＞ d 36.56±4.15 a, b＞ c＞ d 57.42±7.42 a＜ b＜ c, d 3.39±3.32 a＜ b＜ c, d 88.78±11.69 a＜ b＜ c＜ d
Very Abundance d 11.90±3.00 2.60±3.06 41.00±6.02 60.50±15.13 3.10±3.98 95.80±19.18
Inmate Yes 9.80±2.87 -1.341 3.48±2.89 1.127 35.20±5.04 -1.260 55.49±8.33 -2.526 4.56±3.84 1.919 84.31±13.43 -2.481
No 9.26±3.34 (.157) 3.93±3.34 (.235) 34.38±5.38 (.211) 52.08±11.85 (.013) 5.60±4.58 (.057) 79.58±16.14 (.008)
Leisure facility Senior center 8.99±3.17 -3.697 4.23±2.94 3.563 34.78±5.14 -0.540 53.00±10.40 -2.543 5.61±4.03 3.089 79.50±13.82 -4.063
Welfare center 10.26±2.75 (＜.001) 3.01±3.03 (＜.001) 35.10±5.17 (.591) 55.82±8.74 (.012) 4.17±4.08 (.002) 86.13±14.43 (＜.001)
Chronic disease Yes 9.26±3.02 4.948 4.02±2.98 -6.147 34.66±5.22 2.346 54.02±9.72 1.644 5.20±4.15 -3.420 81.04±14.39 6.027
No 11.54±2.31 (＜.001) 1.54±2.47 (＜.001) 36.40±4.58 (.022) 56.40±9.36 (.105) 3.25±3.52 (.001) 92.14±11.12 (＜.001)
ADL Partial dependence 6.43±2.31 6.429 5.43±3.25 -2.660 31.43±4.86 3.420 50.91±11.77 1.433 8.24±4.06 -3.921 68.86±14.37 4.625
Independence 9.86±2.94 (＜.001) 3.48±2.99 (.014) 35.20±5.08 (.002) 54.67±9.49 (.166) 4.64±1.01 (.001) 83.86±13.97 (＜.001)

ADL=Activity of daily living.

Table 3.
Correlations of among the Measured Variables (N=300)
Variables Perceived health status Self-esteem Social support Pain Depression Quality of life
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Perceived health status 1          
Self-esteem .445 (＜.001) 1        
Social support .294 (＜.001) .438 (＜.001) 1      
Pain -.456 (＜.001) -.201 (＜.001) -.183 (＜.001) 1    
Depression -.488 (＜.001) -.635 (＜.001) -.560 (＜.001) .297 (＜.001) 1  
Quality of life .709 (＜.001) .652 (＜.001) .569 (＜.001) -.477 (＜.001) -.737 (＜.001) 1
Table 4.
Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Elders Utilizing Senior Welfare Centers (N=300)
Variables B SE β t p
(Constant) 38.260 4.847   7.893 ＜.001
Perceived health status 1.667 0.163 .349 10.226 ＜.001
Depression -0.941 0.141 -.267 -6.656 ＜.001
Social support 0.257 0.050 .172 5.140 ＜.001
Self-esteem 0.479 0.104 .170 4.612 ＜.001
Pain -0.620 0.151 -.130 -4.098 ＜.001
Income 2.385 0.663 .113 3.597 ＜.001
Level of education 0.662 0.297 .064 2.227 .027
Adjusted R2=.782, F=154.493, p＜.001.
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