Journal List > Prog Med Phys > v.29(3) > 1102142

Zaheer, Jeon, Lee, and Kim: Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health, Prevention, and Imaging Using PET or SPECT

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) in dust causes serious pathological conditions, and it has been considered a critical health issue for many years. Respiratory disorders such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic inflammation, are the most common illnesses due to PM that appears as dust. There is evidence that cardiovascular and neurological abnormalities are caused by PM. Although an extensive amount of work has been conducted on this topic, including studies on the nature of the particles, particle size measurements, particle distribution upon inhalation, the health effects of fine particles, disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, to this date, there is still a considerable lack of knowledge in these areas. Therefore, the identification of the key components that cause diseases owing to PM, and the specific diagnoses of the diseases, is important. This review will explore the current literature on the origin and nature of PM and their effects on human health. In addition, it will also highlight the approaches that have been adopted in order to diagnose the effects of PM using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT).

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Fig. 1
Diagrammatic representation of inhaled particulate matter (PM) of variable sizes. PM-linked respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders and imaging of effect of PM on human health using PET or SPECT.
pmp-29-81f1.tif
Table 1.
Scientific classification of particle sizes and related diseases.
Scientific Nomenclature PM size (μm) Exposure Infected site Disease Reference
Coarse PM10~2.5 5~10 μg/m3 Eye Allergic conjunctivitis Baldacci S (2015) Jalbert I (2015)70,71)
Coarse PM10~2.5 2~5 μg/m3 Nose Allergic rhinitis, Jalbert I (2015)71)
Fine PM2.5~0.1 1~2 μg/m3 Lungs Bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, asthma Jalbert I (2015)71)
Fine PM2.5~0.1 0.1~1 μg/m3 Lungs Induction of alveolar damage Jalbert I (2015)71)
Ultrafine PM<0.1 0.1 μg/m3 Brain Ischemic stroke Tian Y (2017)72)
Table 2.
List of prior conducted studies explaining the effects of PM on systemic organs.
Year Title Reference
Cardiovascular
2018 The association between exposure to air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations, and the relative risk of developing STEMI: A case-crossover design Akbarzadeh et al.73)
2014 A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effects of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms Middleton et al.30)
2012 Effect of dust storm events on daily emergency admissions for cardiovascular diseases Tam et al.37)
2008 Short-term effects of air pollution on a range of cardiovascular events in England and Wales: case-crossover analysis of the MINAP database, hospital admissions, and mortality Milojevic et al.29)
2005 Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures. Environmental health perspectives Urch et al.32)
2004 Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction Peters et al.34)
2003 Air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic heart diseases among individuals who are 64+ years of age residing in Seoul, Korea Lee et al.36)
2002 Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults Brook et al.33)
Respiratory
2000 Targeting aerosol deposition in patients with cystic fibrosis Laube et al.57)
2001 Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy Fusco et al.42)
2007 Tuberculosis among workers exposed to free silica dust Tiwari et al.48)
2008 A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Middleton et al.49)
  Cyprus: the effects of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms  
2011 Quartz exposure and increased respiratory symptoms among coal mine workers in Tanzania Mamuya et al.16)
2012 Potential determinants of coal workers' pneumoconiosis, advanced pneumoconiosis, and progressive massive fibrosis among underground coal miners in the United States Laney et al.15)
2016 Risk of occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon, and arsenic, on pulmonary disorders: understanding the genetic-epigenetic interplay and future prospects Bhattacharjee et al.45)
2018 Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases Wu et al.21)
Neurology
2005 Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily stroke admissions in Taipei, Taiwan Yang et al.54)
2008 Air pollution, cognitive deficits, and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs Calderón-Garcidueñas et al.52)
2009 Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease Block51)
2013 Asian dust storm events are associated with an acute increase in stroke hospitalisation Kang et al.55)
2018 Air pollution and stroke Lee et al.53)
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