Journal List > J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs > v.26(1) > 1058140

Song, Heo, An, and Choi: Influence of Emotional Labor, Nursing Work Environment, and Self-efficacy on Happiness Index among National Psychiatric Hospital Nurses in Korea

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to identify emotional labor, nursing work environment, self-efficacy and happiness index and address factors associated with happiness index to provide basic resources for national psychiatric hospital nurses’ happiness at work.

Methods

Participants were 249 nurses working in 5 national psychiatric hospitals. They participated in the survey and data were collected from May 16 to July 30, 2016. Data were analysed using SPSS/WIN 22.0.

Results

Mean scores were nurses’ emotional labor, 3.89, nursing work environment, 2.77, self-efficacy, 3.77, and happiness index, 3.52. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: department, type of work, career length, position and payment. Happiness index was influenced by self-efficacy, work environment and emotional labor. Explanatory power of these variables was 36.9%.

Conclusion

These results show that self-efficacy and work environment are important factors related to the happiness of the national psychiatric hospital nurses. Additionally, developing an effective program to facilitate self-efficacy of nurses and research studies to identify effects of such a program are required.

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Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants (N=249)
Characteristics Categories n (%)
Gender Male 24 (9.6)
Female 225 (90.4)
Age (year) 20~29 24 (9.6)
30~39 66 (26.5)
40~49 78 (31.3)
≥50 77 (30.9)
Missing 4 (1.6)
Marital status Unmarried 57 (22.9)
Married 184 (73.9)
Etc. 8 (3.2)
Education College diploma 39 (15.7)
Bachelor 130 (52.2)
≥Master 80 (32.1)
Religion Yes 168 (67.5)
No 81 (32.5)
Type of work Full-time 116 (46.6)
Three shifts 133 (53.4)
Working unit Ward 176 (70.7)
Etc. 73 (29.3)
Clinical career (year) 1~10 71 (28.5)
11~20 43 (17.3)
21~30 103 (41.4)
≥31 25 (10.0)
Missing 7 (2.8)
Position Staff nurse 166 (66.7)
Charge nurse 28 (11.2)
≥Head nurse 55 (22.1)
Monthly income (10,000 won) <300 105 (42.2)
300~<400 122 (49.0)
≥400 22 (8.8)
Table 2.
Degree of Emotional Labor, Work Environment, Self-efficacy, Happiness Index (N=249)
Variables M±SD
Emotional labor 2.89±0.50
 Frequency of emotional labor 3.40±0.58
 Attentiveness of emotional labor 2.92±0.53
 Mismatch of emotion 2.36±0.70
Work environment 2.77±0.32
 Nurse Participation in hospital affairs 2.67±0.41
 Staffing and resource adequacy 2.50±0.48
 Nursing foundations for quality of care 2.88±0.34
 Nursing unit manager: Ability, leadership and support of nurses 2.90±0.39
Collegial nurse-doctor relations 2.81±0.41
Self-efficacy 3.77±0.54
Happiness index 3.52±0.59
Table 3.
Differences of Happ piness Index according to Charac teristics of Participants (N=249)
Variables Categories Happiness Index
M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Male 3.57±0.45 0.39 (.690)
Female 3.52±0.60  
Age (year) 20~29a 3.16±0.57 9.29 (<.001)
30~39b 3.41±0.56 a<c
40~49c 3.50±0.56 a, b, c<d
≥50d 3.78±0.56  
Marital status Unmarrieda 3.28±0.61 7.27 (<.001)
Marriedb 3.61±0.57 a<b
Etc.c 3.38±0.43  
Education level College diplomaa 3.23±0.65 16.49 (<.001)
Bachelorb 3.44±0.51 a, b<c
≥Masterc 3.80±0.57  
Religion Yes 3.58±0.57 1.98 (.048)
No 3.42±0.61  
Type of work Full-time 3.78±0.52 6.88 (<.001)
Three shifts 3.30±0.56  
Working unit Ward 3.38±0.57 −6.28 (<.001)
Etc. 3.87±0.48  
Clinical career (year) 1~10a 3.30±0.54 9.68 (<.001)
11~20b 3.41±0.57 a<c, d
21~30c 3.63±0.60 b<d
≥31d 3.93±0.43  
Position Staff nursea 3.40±0.56 17.01 (<.001)
Charge nurseb 3.55±0.60 a, b<c
≥Head nursec 3.90±0.51  
Monthly income (10,000 won) <300a 3.30±0.57 16.98 (<.001)
300~<400b 3.64±0.55 a<b, c
≥400c 3.93±0.49  

a,b,c: Tukey test.

Table 4.
Correlations between the Happiness Index and Other Variables (N=249)
Variables Emotional labor Nursing work environment Self-efficacy Happiness index
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
1. Emotional labor      
2. Nursing work environment t -.17 (<.001)    
3. Self-efficacy −.28 (<.001) .52 (<.001)  
4. Happiness index −.26 (<.001) .45 (<.001) .56 (<.001)
Table 5.
Affected Factors of Happiness Index (N=249)
Variables B SE β t p
Self-efficacy 0.46 0.06 .42 6.94 <.001
Nursing work environment 0.39 0.10 .21 3.65 <.001
Emotional labor −0.12 0.06 −.10 −1.93 .054

Adj. R2=.37, F=3.74, p<.001

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