Influencing factors in the halitosis

Eun-Deok Jo; Gyeong-Soon Han

doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2012.36.4.272

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Jo and Han: Influencing factors in the halitosis

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health

Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health 2012; 36(4): 272-281.

Published online: 28 December 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2012.36.4.272

Influencing factors in the halitosis

Eun-Deok Jo¹, Gyeong-Soon Han^1,²

¹Department of Oral Health Science Graduate School of Public Health, Inchon, Korea.

²Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, Inchon, Korea.

Corresponding Author: Gyeong-Soon Han. Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchon 406-799, Korea. Tel: +82-32-820-7372, Fax: +82-32-820-7370, gshan@gachon.ac.kr

Received 15 August 2012 Revised 13 September 2012 Accepted 14 October 2012

(open-access):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that influence adults halitosis.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 186 adults aged from 35 to 69, between April 4 and May 30, 2012. Data were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis SPSS 19.0.

Results

The most influential factor of VSCs was halitosis perceived by others (OR: 5.18; 95% CI: 1.82-14.70), which was followed by oral respiration (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.28-10.41), and O'Leary index (OR: 3.40; 95% CI: 1.55-7.46) in the order. The influential factors of ammonia were respiratory disease (OR: 30.72; 95% CI: 1.85-51.37), gastrointestinal disease (OR: 12.28; 95% CI: 1.78-44.79), missing tooth (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 1.57-8.92), periodontal pocket (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.10-6.18), tongue brushing (OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15-0.95), and oral prophylaxis (within a year) (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.13-0.75).

Conclusions

Halitosis is the result of complex actions among individual characteristics, systematic disease, oral health state, and health behavior.

Keywords: Dental plaque index, Halitosis, Oral health, Periodontal pocket, Systematic disease

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Mean concentration of halitosis according to socio-demographic characterics

MS, middle school; HS, high school; C, college; U, university.

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

P-value obtained from the t-test and one-way ANOVA.

^a,b,cThe same characters were not significant by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons at α=0.05.

Table 2

Mean concentration of halitosis according to systemic disease

P, presence; A, absence.

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

P-value obtained from the t-test.

Table 3

Mean concentration of halitosis according to oral health status

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

^§TCI were assorted into 2 groups by median.

P-value obtained from the t-test and one-way ANOVA.

^a,b,cThe same characters was not significant by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons at α=0.05.

Table 4

Mean concentration of halitosis according to smoking and drinking behaviors

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

P-value obtained from the t-test.

Table 5

Mean concentration of halitosis according to oral health behaviors

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

P-value obtained from the t-test and one-way ANOVA.

Table 6

Mean concentration of halitosis according to halitosis perceived status

Measurement ^*ppb (parts per billion), ^†BBV (BB Value), ^‡ppm (parts per million).

P-value obtained from the t-test and one-way ANOVA.

Table 7

Multivariate binary logistic regression for VSCs and ammonia by characterics of subjects (N=186)

H, high school; C, college; P, presence; A, absence; NS, non smoking; S, smoking; ND, non drinking; D, drinking; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

P-value obtained from the multivariate binary logistic regression.

^*VSCs: Wald chi-square test, Model chi-square=66.02, df=25, R-pseudo square=41.1% (Nagelkerke), P<0.001.

^†Ammonia: Wald chi-square test, Model chi-square=83.21, df=25, pseudo R-square=48.1% (Nagelkerke), P<0.001.

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