Journal List > J Korean Acad Nurs Adm > v.25(3) > 1129536

Kim and Lim: Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention of Nursing Students Based on Theory of Planned Behavior

Abstract

Purpose:

Based on the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing entrepreneurial intention in nursing students.

Methods:

Convenience sampling was used to recruit 434 participants from five nursing departments. The investigators used self-report questionnaires. The data were collected from October 25 to November 25, 2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and three-step hierarchical regression analysis.

Results:

Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control of the theory of planned behavior, and role model showed a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. The explanatory power of the whole model was 63%.

Conclusion:

Based on the results of this study, we propose developing a nursing entrepreneurial education model focusing on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control in the theory of planned behavior.

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Table 1.
General Characteristics (N=434)
Variables Categories n (%) or M±SD
Gender Female 352 (81.1)
Male 82 (18.9)
Age (year) 19~24 25~29 342 (78.8) 60 (13.8)
30~59 32 (7.4) 24.01±5.72
School year 3rd 234 (53.9)
4th 200 (46.1)
Family start-up Yes No 187 (43.1) 247 (56.9)
Experience in Yes 109 (25.0)
  entrepreneurship education   General elective Special lecture 60 (13.8) 38 (8.8)
  Start-up circle On-line class 9 (2.1) 2 (0.5)
No 325 (75.0)
Region Seoul Gyeonggi-do 97 (22.4) 90 (20.7)
Chungcheong-do Gyeongsang-do 90 (20.7) 94 (21.7)
Jeolla-do 63 (14.5)
Table 2.
Summary of Research Variables (N=434)
Variables M±SD Min Max Skewness Kurtosis
Entrepreneurial intention 2.61±0.94 1.00 5.00 0.15 -0.40
Self-efficacy 3.64±0.60 1.43 5.00 -0.35 0.76
Need for achievement 3.73±0.53 2.00 5.00 -0.10 0.56
Entrepreneurship 3.34±0.55 1.92 5.00 0.17 0.32
Innovativeness 3.18±0.72 1.00 5.00 0.09 -0.35
Risk-taking 3.39±0.68 1.50 5.00 -0.22 0.09
Proactiveness 3.46±0.63 1.75 5.00 0.03 -0.21
Role model 2.60±0.89 1.00 4.83 -0.04 -0.70
Attitude 2.92±0.70 1.00 4.80 -0.22 -0.10
Subjective norm 2.88±0.92 1.00 5.00 -0.02 -0.39
Perceived behavior control 2.78±0.69 1.00 5.00 -0.31 0.45
Table 3.
Difference according to General Characteristics (N=434)
Variables Entrepreneurial intention
Self-efficacy
Need for achievement
Innovativeness
Entrepreneurship
Risk-taking
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Female 2.56±0.93 -2.27 3.62±0.57 -1.41 3.71±0.52 -1.64 3.12±0.72 -3.16 3.34±0.69 -3.17
Male 2.82±0.96 (.024) 3.74±0.72 (.163) 3.81±0.54 (.102) 3.40±0.67 (.002) 3.60±0.59 (.002)
Age 19~24a 25~29b 30~59c 2.55±0.92 2.66±1.00 3.16±0.87 6.47 (.002) c>a, b* 3.62±0.58 3.63±0.70 3.90±0.56 3.35 (.036) c>a* 3.70±0.52 3.75±0.55 4.00±0.53 5.07 (.007) c>a* 3.14±0.71 3.18±0.75 3.54±0.72 4.54 (.011) c>a* 3.34±0.66 3.57±0.71 3.61±0.71 4.79 (.009) c>a*
Year 3rd 2.51±0.94 -2.50 3.55±0.65 -3.24 3.68±0.56 -2.24 3.10±0.70 -2.54 3.32±0.69 -2.50
4th 2.73±0.93 (.013) 3.74±0.53 (.001) 3.79±0.49 (.025) 3.27±0.73 (.011) 3.48±0.66 (.013)
Family start-up Yes No 2.78±0.94 2.48±0.92 3.29 (.001) 3.68±0.56 3.61±0.63 1.13 (.259) 3.77±0.48 3.69±0.56 1.55 (.121) 3.24±0.69 3.12±0.74 1.74 (.082) 3.45±0.66 3.35±0.69 1.66 (.098)
Experience in EE Yes 2.71±1.02 1.33 3.74±0.58 2.08 3.81±0.54 2.02 3.27±0.71 1.55 3.47±0.68 1.48
No 2.58±0.91 (.185) 3.60±0.61 (.038) 3.70±0.52 (.044) 3.14±0.72 (.123) 3.36±0.67 (.141)
Entrepreneurship Role m model Theory of planned behavior
Variables Proactiveness Attitu ude Subjective norm PBC C
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Gender Female 3.45±0.63 -0.67 2.58±0.88 -1.17 2.88±0.71 -2.68 2.87±0.94 -0.73 2.74±0.70 -2.34
Male 3.50±0.64 (.504) 2.71±0.93 (.244) 3.09±0.61 (.008) 2.95±0.82 (.463) 2.93±0.62 (.020)
Age 19~24a 25~29b 30~59c 3.46±0.61 3.31±0.71 3.65±0.63 3.22 (.041) c>b* 2.53±0.89 2.77±0.88 3.12±0.75 7.79 (<.001) c>a* 2.90±0.70 2.90±0.71 3.15±0.53 1.89 (.151) 2.85±0.90 2.82±1.08 3.33±0.69 4.21 (.015) c>a, b* 2.74±0.69 2.78±0.76 3.14±0.44 4.86 (.008) c>a*
Year 3rd 4th 3.41±0.65 3.51±0.61 -1.55 (.121) 2.57±0.92 2.65±0.85 -1.02 (.307) 2.85±0.68 3.00±0.70 -2.34 (.020) 2.88±0.90 2.89±0.94 -0.20 (.846) 2.71±0.67 2.86±0.70 -2.54 (.011)
Family start-up Yes No 3.46±0.63 3.46±0.63 0.02 (.986) 3.06±0.81 2.26±0.79 10.27 (<.001) 2.99±0.70 2.86±0.69 1.90 (.058) 3.02±0.91 2.78±0.91 2.80 (.005) 2.83±0.68 2.73±0.70 1.55 (.122)
Experience in EE Yes 3.58±0.65 2.48 2.82±0.95 3.06 2.99±0.76 1.27 2.99±0.96 1.36 2.87±0.69 1.68
No 3.41±0.62 (.013) 2.53±0.86 (.002) 2.89±0.67 (.206) 2.85±0.90 (.174) 2.74±0.69 (.094)

*Scheffé test; PBC=Perceived behavior control; EE=entrepreneurship education.

Table 4.
Correlations among Research Variables (N=434)
Variables Entrepreneurial intention
Self-efficacy
Need for achievement
Entrepreneurship
Role model Attitude
Subjective norm
r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p)
Self-efficacy .30 (<.001)
Need for achievement .26 (<.001) .76 (<.001)
Entrepreneurship .39 (<.001) .59 (<.001) .63 (<.001)
Role model .48 (<.001) .22 (<.001) .20 (<.001) .28 (<.001)
Attitude .70 (<.001) .27 (<.001) .23 (<.001) .35 (<.001) .31 (<.001)
Subjective norm .61 (<.001) .21 (<.001) .21 (<.001) .36 (<.001) .41 (<.001) .69 (<.001)
PBC .69 (<.001) .34 (<.001) .32 (<.001) .44 (<.001) .37 (<.001) .31 (<.001) .41 (<.001)

PBC=Perceived behavior control.

Table 5.
Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention (N=434)
Variables Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
B β t p VIF B β t p VIF B β t p VIF
(Constant) 2.08   9.83 <.001   -0.14   -0.42 .678   -1.07   -4.26 <.001  
Age 0.02 .13 2.64 .008 1.09 0.01 .06 1.30 .193 1.12 0.01 .04 1.38 .167 1.12
Gender* (Female) -0.27 -.11 -2.35 .019 1.01 -0.13 -.06 -1.35 .177 1.04 -0.04 -.02 -0.57 .568 1.05
Year* (4th) 0.23 .12 2.49 .013 1.06 0.09 .05 1.18 .239 1.09 0.05 .02 0.77 .442 1.11
Family start-up* (Yes) 0.26 .14 2.86 .004 1.05 -0.09 -.05 -1.07 .286 1.28 -0.02 -.01 -0.29 .774 1.29
Experience in EE* (Yes) 0.08 .04 0.74 .462 1.05 -0.05 -.02 -0.59 .557 1.06 -0.06 -.03 -0.85 .397 1.06
Self-efficacy 0.17 .11 1.67 .095 2.51 0.06 .04 0.86 .388 2.54
Need for achievement -0.12 -.07 -1.02 .310 2.70 -0.07 -.04 -0.76 .450 2.71
Entrepreneurship 0.40 .24 4.34 <.001 1.84 0.07 .04 0.98 .328 1.99
Role model 0.44 .41 8.80 <.001 1.38 0.23 .21 5.73 <.001 1.56
Attitude 0.50 .37 8.63 <.001 2.07
Subjective norm 0.12 .12 2.71 .007 2.15
PBC 0.34 .25 5.08 <.001 2.67
R2=.07 R2 (ΔR2)=.32 (.25) R2 (ΔR2)=.63 (.31)
Adj. R2=.06 A Adj. R2 (ΔR2)=.30 (.24 4) Adj. R2 (ΔR2)=.62 (.31)
F=6.69, p<.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75 F=22.00, p<.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75 D F=59.42, p<.001 Durbin-Watson=1.75 5

*Dummy variables=Gender (Male=0, Female=1), Year (3rd=0, 4th=1), Family start-up (No=0, Yes=1), Experience in entrepreneurship education (No=0, Yes=1); PBC=Perceived behavior control; EE=entrepreneurship education.

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