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Shin, Jee, Kim, and Kim: The Influence on Cardiovascular Mortality of the Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Postmenopausal Women
Original Article
The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause

The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause 2012; 18(1): 6-14.

Published online: 30 April 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6118/jksm.2012.18.1.6

The Influence on Cardiovascular Mortality of the Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Postmenopausal Women

Hyun Mi Shin, M.D.1, Sun Ha Jee, Ph.D.2, Jang Heub Kim, M.D., Ph.D.1, Mee-Ran Kim, M.D., Ph.D.1

1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

2Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

Address for Correspondence: Mee-Ran Kim, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2258-6170, Fax: +82-2-595-1549, mrkim@catholic.ac.kr

Received 5 January 2012       Revised 20 January 2012       Accepted 20 January 2012

Copyright © 2012 by The Korean Society of Menopause

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/).

Abstract

Objectives

Metabolic syndrome components, insulin resistance and central obesity cause type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This will increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Women after menopause are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Several researchers studied that in menopause, metabolic syndrome increased cardiovascular mortality. We studied the impact on cardiovascular mortality of postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome in the Republic of Korea.

Methods

Twenty four thousand nine hundred forty nine postmenopausal women aged 40 years or older were enrolled at health promotion centers of national university hospital located in 18 regions during 1994-2004. Age, weights, height, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein were evaluated and history taking about alcohol consumption, smoking, and exercise was performed. In addition, subjects who died of cardiac disease were analyzed from January 1995 to December 2009.

Results

Metabolic syndrome was higher in postmenopausal women with increased in age, BMI, blood pressure (BP), FBG, cholesterol, TG. Thirty cardiac deaths occurred during the observation period. Factors affecting cardiac death were age, smoking, FBG and when age and smoking were controlled. FBG was an important factor affecting cardiovascular mortality in our study. When controlling age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome caused an increased relative risk of cardiovascular mortality. Survival rate was much lower in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome than those without metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

Metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women increased cardiovascular mortality.

Keywords: Cardiovascular mortality, Metabolic syndrome, Postmenopause

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Kaplan-Meier curves are illustrated for the subjects with metabolic syndrome and without metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Metabolic syndrome poses a significant increase in cardiovascular mortality risk in postmenopausal women.
jksm-18-6-g001
Table 1
General characteristics of postmenopausal women depending on metabolic syndrome
jksm-18-6-i001

SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, HDL: high density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride, FBG: fasting blood glucose, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, FBS: fasting blood sugar, HTN: hypertension. *Alcohol consumption data was available in women 6,976 people

Table 2
Correlation between metabolic syndrome related variables in postmenopausal women
jksm-18-6-i002

BMI: body mass index, HDL: high density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride, FBG: fasting blood glucose, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure. *This table shows the correlation coefficient(r) and significance level (P value)

Table 3
Relative risk for cardiac death of metabolic syndrome components in postmenopausal women
jksm-18-6-i003

HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, FBG: fasting blood glucose, BP: blood pressure, RR: relative risk, CI: confidence interval

Table 4
Relative risk for cardiac death based on metabolic syndrome
jksm-18-6-i004

RR: relative risk, CI: confidence interval, AIC: akaike information criterion, DF: degree of freedom. Controlled model of age, smoking history (past, current), smoking, and alcohol consumption

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