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Kim, Son, and Kim: Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Hypertension in Korean Adolescents -Based on 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Original Article
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2011; 16(4): 439-453.

Published online: 31 August 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.439

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Hypertension in Korean Adolescents -Based on 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-

Killye Kim, Sook Mee Son, Hye-Kyeong Kim

Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hye-Kyeong Kim, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokgok 2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea. Tel: (02) 2164-4314, Fax: (02) 2164-4314, hkyeong@catholic.ac.kr

Received 25 July 2011       Revised 22 July 2011       Accepted 16 August 2011

Copyright © 2011 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

Abstract

This study was performed to determine dietary and lifestyle factors associated with hypertension in Korean adolescents. Study subjects were 12~19 years (n = 521) adolescents who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Subjects were divided into the hypertensive group (HG, n = 102) and normotensive group (NG, n = 419) by '2007 Korean children and adolescents growth standard' and the relationships between blood pressure and physical measurement, nutrients intakes, eating behaviors and health related factors were analyzed. HG showed significantly higher levels in weight, waist circumference and BMI than NG. The amount of nutrient intakes was not different between NG and HG. Index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphate was higher in HG compared with NG. In both male and female HG, INQ for iron was higher but INQ for vitamin B1 was lower than NG. HG revealed higher consumption frequencies of snack, yoghurt, and ice cream compared with NG. In eating and behavioral factors, 'dinner with family', 'eat proper amount', 'keep Korean traditional diet', alcohol drinking, and mean alcohol intake were significantly different between the two groups. By logistic regression method, risk factors for hypertension revealed in this study were gender (male), age (15~19 years), BMI (≥ 85 percentile), and not keeping Korean traditional diet. These results suggest that education program for hypertension prevention in adolescents should include eating habits improvement and lifestyle modification as well as weight control.

Keywords: hypertension, adolescent, nutrients intake, lifestyle factor, KNHANES 2005

Figures and Tables

Table 1
General characteristics of the subjects
kjcn-16-439-i001

1) N (%): by χ2-test. 2) Mean ± SD: by t-test, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

Table 2
Blood pressure and anthropometric data of the subjects
kjcn-16-439-i002

1) Mean ± SD: by ANCOVA (adjusted by sex, age)

2) N (%): by χ2-test, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001

3) SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, 4) DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure, 5) BMI: Body Mass Index, 6) Waist: Waist Circumference

Table 3
Nutrients intakes for hypertensive and normotensive in Korean adolescents
kjcn-16-439-i003

1) Mean ± SD: by ANCOVA (adjusted by sex, age), *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

Table 4
NAR MAR, and INQ for hypertensive and normotensive in Korean adolescents
kjcn-16-439-i004

1) Mean ± SD: by ANCOVA (adjusted by sex, age), *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

2) NAR: Nutrient Adequacy Ratio, 3) MAR : Mean Adequacy Ratio, 4) INQ : Index of Nutritional Quality

Table 5
Food consumption frequency for hypertensive and normotensive in Korean adolescents
kjcn-16-439-i005

1) Mean ± S.D: by ANCOVA (adjusted by sex, age), *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

2) Food consumption frequency: Seldom = 0, 6~11 times/year = 0.18, 1 time/month = 0.25, 2~3 times/month = 0.6, 1 time/week = 1 (Standard score), 2~3 times/week = 2.5, 4~6 times/week = 5, 1 time/day = 7, 2 times/day = 14, 3 times/day = 21

Table 6
Eating behaviors for hypertensive and normotensive in Korean adolescents
kjcn-16-439-i006

1) N (%): by χ2-test, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

Table 7
Health-related behaviors for hypertensive and normotensive in Korean adolescents
kjcn-16-439-i007

1) N (%): by χ2-test. 2) Mean ± SD: by t-test, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001

Table 8
Correlation coefficients between blood pressure and each variables
kjcn-16-439-i008

Significantly different at *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 by Pearson's correlation and partial correlation (adjusted by sex, age)

Table 9
Odds ratios of hypertension for variables correlated to blood pressure
kjcn-16-439-i009

1) Multiple logistic regression models include age, sex, bmi, Watching TV · Playing computer/games during weekend, Food consumption of snack · ice-cream · hamburger

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