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INTRODUCTION
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare variant of MF with neoplastic T-lymphocytes infiltrating the hair follicles, often sparing the epidermis1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), when the eccrine glands are also infiltrated by neoplastic cells, the disease is designated as syringotropic MF1. This form is rarer, with <30 cases reported to date2. In the current guidelines, the syringotropic and folliculotropic forms are defined as a single clinical variant of MF1.
The clinical presentations of MF can vary. Involvement of the head and neck region is usually observed in folliculotropic forms, presenting with cystic, milia-like, and acneiform lesions1. Solitary, erythematous, punctate, and anhydrotic patches are observed in the syringotropic forms1.
Herein, 2 cases of folliculotropic MF are presented, with 1 case displaying syringotropism with unusual clinical findings. Despite the complexity of the clinical presentations, the cases had unexpectedly favorable outcomes.
CASE REPORT
Case 1
A 50-year-old man presented with an 8-year history of severe itching, hypohidrosis, total loss of body hair, nail changes, acneiform lesions on the trunk, and scaly plaques on the scalp and palmoplantar regions (Fig. 1).
The patient's condition had been misdiagnosed as acne conglobate, and he had been treated with oral isotretinoin as well as oral and topical antibiotics for several years without any response. Soon after the loss of scalp hair and body hair, skin biopsy specimens were taken, and MF associated with follicular mucinosis was diagnosed (Fig. 2). Immunohistochemical examination showed that these atypical cells were CD4+ T-cells. He had been treated with oral methotrexate and cyclophosphamide-vincristine-adriamycin-prednisolone chemotherapy without any improvement of the skin lesions.
On dermatologic evaluation, the most relevant features were the pterygium formation observed in all the nails; palmoplantar involvement with atrophic erythematous scaly patches; purplish-brown linear macules on the axillary region; lichenoid, infiltrated, and purple papules on the trunk; and total loss of body hair. These findings prompted us to propose the diagnosis of lichen planopilaris. Comedo-like lesions on the entire scalp, face, and trunk; cystic and acneiform inflammatory lesions on the trunk; and scaly atrophic erythematous patches on the scalp were also observed. There was no lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly.
Biopsy specimens taken from the comedo-like lesions on the trunk, erythematous patches on the palmar and plantar regions, and purple macules on the axillary region revealed pilotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma without follicular mucinosis. Atypical cells comprising CD4+ T-lymphocytes could be observed within the follicle epithelium (Fig. 3). Sweat glands and ducts were also infiltrated by these atypical lymphocytes displaying the CD4+ phenotype (Fig. 4). Immunohistological examination and T-cell receptor β-chain gene rearrangement analysis of the skin biopsy specimens showed a clonal population of T-cells. Skin cultures taken from the pustules revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Routine laboratory investigations for systemic involvement, such as complete blood count, peripheral blood smear examination, and blood biochemistry, were unremarkable. Results of whole-body computed tomography were normal. The patient had no systemic involvement.
The patient was administered with 25 mg/d of acitretin with psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy thrice every week for 4 months along with a short-term oral antibiotic therapy (1,000 mg amoxicillin clavulanate, twice a day, 10 days) for staphylococcal superinfection. Significant improvement of skin lesions and relief of itching were observed at the end of 4 months. No atypical lymphocytes were observed on control biopsy specimens. Although PUVA therapy had been planned to be continued for residual clinical disease, the patient refused any further treatment. He has been followed-up for 7 years, exhibiting stable skin disease and no systemic involvement. No comorbid hematologic malignancy was observed.
Case 2
A 57-year-old man presented with acneiform lesions that he had since childhood and loss of body hair and scalp hair. Dermatological examination revealed loss of body hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows, and some uninvolved scalp hairs. Generalized comedo-like lesions were observed prominently on the head and trunk. Cystic lesions were more prominent on the ears and scalp, and hidradenitis suppurativa-like lesions were observed on the axillary and inguinal regions (Fig. 5). Biopsy specimens taken from cystic lesions on the left arm revealed folliculotropic MF with follicular mucinosis (Fig. 6). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the intraepithelial and perifollicular infiltrate mainly comprised CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, with few CD8+ cells.
No clinically palpable lymphadenopathy or systemic involvement was detected. Routine laboratory investigations for systemic involvement were unremarkable. This patient also received 25 mg/d of acitretin with PUVA therapy thrice every week for 4 months. No atypical lymphocytes were observed on control biopsy specimens. No comorbid hematologic malignancy was present. Modest clinical improvement and relief of itching was observed. The patient has been followed-up for 6 years, and had not experienced any systemic involvement. No improvement in body hair was observed, but the patient has been relieved of itching.
DISCUSSION
Folliculotropic MF is usually hard to diagnose both clinically and histopathologically. Therefore, in cases with slight follicular involvement, findings of eccrine gland involvement could be helpful in the diagnosis3. According to the few studies reported on patients with folliculotropic MF, the percentage of accompanying eccrine gland involvement is 4% to 33% (Table 1)3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. It is unclear whether folliculotropism or syringotropism is a function of specific cell-surface antigens of the T-cells, adhesion molecules, or an abnormality of follicular or syringeal epithelium2.
Besides having acneiform lesions, our presented cases had their own unique features-generalized hypohidrosis, hidradenitis suppurativa-like lesions, loss of all body hair, lichen planopilaris-like features, involvement of the nails as well as palmar and plantar regions, and a benign clinical course.
The main histological feature differentiating follicular MF from acne lesions is the infiltration of the hair follicle epithelium by small to medium, sometimes large, cerebriform cells showing a T-helper phenotype. The collection of acid mucopolysaccharides within the involved follicle may be another clue, if presented as observed in our cases. On the other hand, follicular cystic changes, hyperplasia of the follicular epithelium, and granulomatous inflammatory reaction secondary to ruptured hair follicles, reminiscent of acneiform lesions, may also be detected in follicular MF.
Generalized hypohidrosis is not a commonly reported feature of MF in any form; focal anhydrotic patches have been defined in syringotropic MF cases10,11,12,13. The prominent syringeal involvement observed may alter eccrine gland function, and it might be the reason for the generalized hypohidrosis observed.
Colonization of the follicles with a hidradenitis suppurativa-like clinical presentation was observed in both of the presented cases. S. aureus colonization is usually observed in patients with MF14.
Case 1 showed features such as lichen planus and lichen planopilaris. Purple, pruritic papules, and brownish purple patches were observed on the intertriginous regions. Gerami et al.8 have reported 2 cases having histologically interface dermatitis with lichen planopilaris-like pattern.
Palmoplantar involvement is another rare presentation of MF. According to Kazakov et al.15 and Resnik et al.16, the prevalence of palmoplantar MF is reported to be 0.6%, which is usually observed in forms that are more extensive. The affected skin shows mostly hyperkeratosis, and the clinical presentation is usually palmoplantar keratoderma. Therefore, some cases have been misdiagnosed as chronic palmoplantar eczema16,17. Punctate erythema, which is accepted as a characteristic feature of eccrine gland involvement, is also rarely observed on the palms and soles16.
The pterygium formation observed in Case 1 is a unique finding. According to the present literature, involvement of most of the nails is usually observed and presents as onychomadesis, onychodystrophy, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis, and yellow nail syndrome18.
There are some controversies on the success of phototherapy for syringotropic and folliculotropic MF19. Narrow-band ultra violet B (UV-B) treatment is inadequate because UV-B cannot penetrate into deep adnexal structures. This leaves a deep residual disease even when the epidermal component may seem to improve. The presented cases responded well to a combination of acitretin and PUVA treatment.
According to a WHO/EORTC consensus report, the prognosis of folliculotropic MF is worse than that of a tumor stage of classical MF20. The Dutch group reported 5- and 10-year disease survival rates of folliculotropic MF of 68% and 26%, respectively6.
However, the prognoses of cases of syringotropic MF differ from that of the folliculotropic forms. Reported cases of syringotropic MF, with only skin involvement, usually had a good prognosis. The 10-year survival rates was 83% to 97%, similar to that of the chronic forms of syringotropic MF13. Therefore, the stable course of Case 1 might be due to the syringeal involvement observed.
In conclusion, folliculotropic MF cases can be a diagnostic challenge because of the great variability in their clinical presentations. Persistent acneiform and cystic, comedo-like lesions observed in the elderly-especially when accompanied by alopecia and pruritus-should raise the suspicion of MF, and early multiple biopsy specimens should be taken for exact clinical diagnosis. Accompanying eccrine gland involvement could be the reason for unusual symptoms and clinical presentations such as hypohidrosis and palmoplantar involvement. The prognostic significance of syringotropism should be evaluated by performing further studies. Regardless of the clinical subtype, the treatment and follow-up of patients with MF should be performed by dermatologists to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment protocols.
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