Journal List > J Nutr Health > v.49(4) > 1081448

Kim, Jun, and Joung: Estimated dietary intake of vitamin A in Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary vitamin A intake and examine major food sources of vitamin A in Korean adults.

Methods

Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects over 19-years-old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intakes of retinol, carotenoids such as α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and vitamin A by linking food consumption data with the vitamin A database of commonly consumed foods. We compared individual vitamin A intakes with the reference value of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.

Results

Average dietary vitamin A intakes of study subjects were 864.3 µg retinol equivalent/day (495.7 µg retinol activity equivalent/day) in men and 715.0 µg retinol equivalent/day (403.6 µg retinol activity equivalent/day) in women. Exactly 42.9% and 70.6% of total subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) based on retinol equivalent and retinol activity equivalent, respectively. The major food sources of vitamin A were Korean radish leaves, carrot, red pepper, and laver, and the top 20 foods provided about 80% of total vitamin A intake.

Conclusion

This study provides basic data for estimation of vitamin A intake in Korean adults. Further research will be needed to analyze the association of insufficient or excess intakes of vitamin A and health problems in the Korean population.

Figures and Tables

Table 1

The literature sources and coverage of retinol and carotenoids database

jnh-49-258-i001

1) The number of carotenoids contents was added if any of the 6 carotenoids is available. 2) The number of retinol and carotenoids contents was added if any of the retinol or 6 carotenoids is available.

Table 2

Daily dietary vitamin A intakes of Korean adults aged ≥ 19y by socio-demographic factors from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

jnh-49-258-i002

1) Number of missing values was 670 and 2,613 for household income and education level.

* Duncan's test was performed for post hoc analysis.

Table 3

Percentages of Korean adults aged ≥ 19y consuming vitamin A compared with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs)

jnh-49-258-i003

1) Number of missing values was 670 for household income.

* All variables showed statistically significant differences according to the classified group from chi-square test (p < 0.05).

Table 4

Contribution of individual food groups to vitamin A intake in Korean adults aged ≥ 19 y from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

jnh-49-258-i004
Table 5

Major dietary sources of vitamin A consumed by Korean adults aged ≥ 19 y from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

jnh-49-258-i005

1) Food code and name was based on the 'N_FCODE3' from 24-h DR in the KNHANES.

Notes

This work is carried out with the support of 'Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development', National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (Project No. PJ011637022016).

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