Journal List > J Nutr Health > v.48(3) > 1081391

Bae: Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

Purpose:

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intake and food variety in Korean adolescents.

Methods:

We analyzed 1,555 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years using data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). In this study, subjects were divided according to age group (12~14 y, 15~18 y). The nutrient intake, ND (nutrient density), food intake and food score from each food group, variety and food intakes of meals, DDS (dietary diversity score), and GMVFDO (grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy and oil food group) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method.

Results:

The results showed that the 15~18 age groupskipped breakfast significantly more often than the 12~14 age group (p < 0.0001). The 15~18 age group consumed significantly higher quantities of fat per 1,000 kcal compared to the 12~14 age group (p = 0.0069). Regarding food variety, the 15~18 age group showed a significantly higher intake (p < 0.0001) and score (p < 0.0001) from beverages than the 12~14 age group, whereas the 15~18 age group showed a significantly lower intake (p = 0.0084) and score (p = 0.0253) from milk than the 12~14 age group. In addition, DDS in the 15~18 age group (4.33) tended to be lower than that of the 12~14 age group (4.44) (p = 0.0727).

Conclusion:

Proper dietary management regarding meal variety is needed for the 15~18 age group, and more systematic studies to investigate the meal variety roles of adolescents are required.

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Table 1.
General characteristics and dietary habits of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
Age (yrs) 12.98 ± 0.051) 16.37 ± 0.07 < .0001 13.09 ± 0.05 16.49 ± 0.07 < .0001 13.03 ± 0.03 16.42 ± 0.05 < .0001
BMI (kg/m2) 2 0.54 ± 0.23 21.61 ± 0.21 0.0012 20.14 ± 0.19 21.37 ± 0.23 < .0001 20.36 ± 0.16 21.50 ± 0.15 < .0001
Dietary habits
  Breakfast skipper (%) 12.492) 21.34 0.0029 14.81 25.36 0.0040 13.54 23.16 < .0001
  Experience of nutritional education 17.88 11.96 0.0352 18.31 10.93 0.0181 18.07 11.49 0.0020
  Frequency of meal-outing
  >= 1/d 21.87 51.88 - 21.28 47.20 - 21.60 49.77 -
  3 ~ 6/w 77.42 45.08   78.55 50.08   77.93 47.34  
  1 ~ 2/w - 0.61   - 1.38   - 0.96  
  <= 3/m 0.71 2.42   0.17 1.34   0.46 1.93  

1) Mean ± SE 2) %

Table 2.
Daily nutrient intake of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
Energy (kcal) 2,296.81 ± 47.481) 2,517.82 ± 54.23 0.0021 1,974.28 ± 43.41 1,865.27 ± 43.88 0.0671 2,145.66 ± 33.50 2,217.45 ± 36.80 0.1562
  (/1,000 kcal)   (/1,000 kcal)   (/1,000 kcal)  
Protein (g) 35.19 ± 0.48 37.40 ± 0.67 0.0086 36.02 ± 0.61 35.44 ± 0.71 0.5381 35.56 ± 0.39 36.51 ± 0.53 0.1597
Fat (g) 24.61 ± 0.53 26.00 ± 0.60 0.0827 24.70 ± 0.55 26.45 ± 0.72 0.0494 24.66 ± 0.39 26.21 ± 0.47 0.0069
Carbohydrate (g) 159.19 ± 1.47 153.69 ± 1.69 0.0125 159.13 ± 1.52 155.55 ± 2.01 0.1598 159.17 ± 1.12 154.54 ± 1.37 0.0063
Fiber (g) 2.60 ± 0.07 2.57 ± 0.08 0.7126 2.69 ± 0.09 2.77 ± 0.10 0.5168 2.64 ± 0.06 2.66 ± 0.07 0.8316
Vitamin A (mg) 376.05 ± 35.59 406.79 ± 62.86 0.6653 303.32 ± 20.98 333.56 ± 16.37 0.2653 342.42 ± 22.65 372.93 ± 34.37 0.4567
Vitamin B1 (mg) 0.68 ± 0.01 0.72 ± 0.01 0.0324 0.69 ± 0.02 0.67 ± 0.02 0.3043 0.68 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.01 0.4312
Vitamin B2 (mg) 0.65 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 0.2230 0.63 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.8124 0.64 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 0.4926
Niacin (mg) 7.46 ± 0.13 7.95 ± 0.16 0.0227 7.72 ± 0.15 7.66 ± 0.16 0.7580 7.58 ± 0.11 7.81 ± 0.11 0.1227
Vitamin C (mg) 43.79 ± 2.65 39.91 ± 2.16 0.2408 47.47 ± 3.55 49.25 ± 3.38 0.6964 45.52 ± 2.29 44.21 ± 2.00 0.6406
Calcium (mg) 242.84 ± 8.40 224.76 ± 7.14 0.1044 239.95 ± 7.65 231.65 ± 7.99 0.4118 241.57 ± 5.72 227.91 ± 5.53 0.0669
Phosphrous (mg) 561.50 ± 7.21 563.36 ± 8.42 0.8649 567.62 ± 8.60 544.84 ± 8.25 0.0426 564.18 ± 5.69 554.90 ± 6.30 0.2577
Sodium (mg) 1,900.70 ± 44.11 2,046.13 ± 52.46 6 0.0344 1 1,985.53 ± 55.46 1,928.32 ± 56.86 6 0.4753 1 ,938.69 ± 37.41 1,992.49 ± 40.24 4 0.3274
Potassium (mg) 1,208.69 ± 22.19 1,226.52 ± 23.97 0.5680 1,245.38 ± 24.78 1,261.07 ± 28.42 0.6786 1,225.64 ± 17.36 1,242.51 ± 19.41 0.5144
Iron (mg) 6.01 ± 0.23 6.44 ± 0.30 0.2594 6.21 ± 0.27 5.92 ± 0.24 0.4003 6.10 ± 0.20 6.20 ± 0.19 0.7023
Distribution
% Carbohydrate 63.68 ± 0.59 61.48 ± 0.68 0.0125 63.65 ± 0.61 62.22 ± 0.80 0.1598 63.67 ± 0.45 61.82 ± 0.55 0.0063
% Protein 14.08 ± 0.19 14.96 ± 0.27 0.0086 14.41 ± 0.24 14.18 ± 0.28 0.5388 14.22 ± 0.16 14.60 ± 0.21 0.1597
% Fat 22.15 ± 0.47 23.40 ± 0.54 0.0827 22.23 ± 0.50 23.81 ± 0.65 0.0494 22.19 ± 0.36 23.59 ± 0.43 0.0069

1) Mean ± SE

Table 3.
The percent of RNI1) of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
Energy3) 95.70 ± 1.982) 93.25 ± 2.01 0.3817 98.71 ± 2.17 93.26 ± 2.19 0.0671 97.06 ± 1.47 93.26 ± 1.53 0.0751
Protein 162.81 ± 4.15 172.64 ± 5.52 0.1477 159.11 ± 5.07 148.38 ± 5.13 0.1257 161.14 ± 3.26 161.67 ± 4.04 0.9187
Vitamin A 122.10 ± 12.81 113.29 ± 15.12 0.6481 91.39 ± 8.32 101.09 ± 5.50 0.3352 108.21 ± 8.61 107.77 ± 8.66 0.9705
Vitamin B1 140.29 ± 3.98 138.87 ± 4.34 0.8155 125.53 ± 4.69 122.82 ± 3.87 0.6602 133.61 ± 2.97 131.62 ± 3.03 0.6502
Vitamin B2 98.59 ± 2.84 93.01 ± 2.63 0.1302 104.41 ± 3.47 96.46 ± 2.78 0.0727 101.22 ± 2.30 94.57 ± 1.92 0.0244
Niacin 114.29 ± 2.91 118.51 ± 3.56 0.3481 108.47 ± 3.10 102.37 ± 3.50 0.1897 111.65 ± 2.14 111.22 ± 2.64 0.8991
Vitamin C 97.45 ± 5.63 88.41 ± 4.93 0.2108 91.28 ± 6.19 85.83 ± 5.10 0.4618 94.66 ± 4.22 87.24 ± 3.58 0.1559
Calcium 54.92 ± 2.16 61.32 ± 2.15 0.0324 51.95 ± 1.92 52.79 ± 2.03 0.7473 53.58 ± 1.46 57.46 ± 1.55 0.0527
Phosphrous 123.08 ± 3.03 125.45 ± 3.30 0.5932 128.49 ± 3.23 140.33 ± 3.51 0.0122 126.05 ± 2.24 133.61 ± 2.54 0.0275
Potassium4) 78.25 ± 2.17 87.01 ± 2.33 0.0062 69.64 ± 2.01 65.51 ± 1.92 0.1294 74.36 ± 1.52 77.29 ± 1.71 0.2056
ron 95.65 ± 3.64 103.05 ± 3.91 0.1721 92.20 ± 3.83 64.44 ± 2.68 < .0001 94.09 ± 2.94 85.60 ± 2.63 0.0376

1) Recommended nutrient intake

2) Mean ± SE

3) Estimated energy requirements

4) Adequate intake

Table 4.
Food intakes from each food group of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
Total food (g) 1,409.01 ± 36.001) 1,645.92 ± 49.23 < .0001 1,225.33 ± 30.95 1,203.66 ± 31.56 0.6019 1,322.50 ± 23.15 1,442.49 ± 32.00 0.0022
Cereals (g) 379.19 ± 10.05 386.26 ± 9.66 0.6061 320.45 ± 8.27 276.71 ± 8.13 0.0001 351.72 ± 6.84 335.81 ± 7.00 0.1060
Potato & Starches (g) 34.61 ± 4.35 34.03 ± 3.41 0.9159 28.04 ± 5.05 36.69 ± 5.81 0.2520 31.63 ± 3.37 35.22 ± 3.31 0.4312
Sugars & Sweetners (g) 12.25 ± 2.36 11.00 ± 0.92 0.6234 13.65 ± 1.47 15.50 ± 1.99 0.4377 12.92 ± 1.52 13.07 ± 1.01 0.9323
Pulses (g) 32.29 ± 3.11 35.33 ± 4.25 0.5379 31.86 ± 5.42 22.39 ± 2.58 0.1020 32.02 ± 3.10 29.40 ± 2.54 0.4880
Nuts & Seeds (g) 1.99 ± 0.32 2.75 ± 0.75 0.3440 1.99 ± 0.41 2.19 ± 0.60 0.7820 1.99 ± 0.26 2.49 ± 0.49 0.3586
Vegetables (g) 213.38 ± 8.45 253.14 ± 10.93 0.0035 181.06 ± 7.71 177.70 ± 8.94 0.7792 198.17 ± 6.18 218.43 ± 7.49 0.0386
Fungi & Mushrooms (g) 4.89 ± 0.84 5.93 ± 0.74 0.3493 6.16 ± 1.13 3.46 ± 0.75 0.0379 5.45 ± 0.69 4.80 ± 0.54 0.4373
Fruits (g) 152.56 ± 16.47 145.28 ± 16.73 0.7446 166.81 ± 15.14 152.43 ± 13.74 0.4413 1 159.11 ± 11.86 148.61 ± 11.72 0.4820
Meats (g) 139.69 ± 8.35 199.84 ± 15.32 0.0007 127.49 ± 9.65 120.85 ± 8.40 0.5761 133.64 ± 6.47 163.59 ± 9.93 0.0099
Eggs (g) 33.63 ± 2.93 40.10 ± 3.25 0.1606 25.74 ± 1.99 25.21 ± 2.45 0.8663 29.94 ± 1.80 33.24 ± 2.08 0.2562
Fish & Shellfishes (g) 39.30 ± 3.47 43.13 ± 4.41 0.4538 37.60 ± 3.79 31.14 ± 2.94 0.1620 38.45 ± 2.59 37.63 ± 2.74 0.8141
Seaweeds (g) 3.10 ± 0.55 2.18 ± 0.24 0.1302 3.85 ± 0.94 2.82 ± 0.51 0.2779 3.45 ± 0.63 2.48 ± 0.28 0.1306
Milks (g) 224.74 ± 14.45 186.02 ± 13.88 0.0441 168.46 ± 10.55 142.61 ± 11.52 0.0869 198.80 ± 9.46 165.89 ± 9.43 0.0084
Oils & Fat (g) 8.43 ± 0.51 10.86 ± 0.67 0.0024 7.50 ± 0.51 8.16 ± 0.79 0.4779 7.99 ± 0.37 9.62 ± 0.53 0.0093
Beverages (g) 93.16 ± 14.71 241.96 ± 27.02 < .0001 73.00 ± 8.61 147.27 ± 16.67 < .0001 83.38 ± 8.68 198.48 ± 16.39 < .0001
Seasoning (g) 35.68 ± 2.45 48.03 ± 3.55 0.0061 31.00 ± 2.27 38.43 ± 5.31 0.2084 33.49 ± 1.70 43.61 ± 3.08 0.0056
Others (g) 0.13 ± 0.08 0.10 ± 0.02 0.7214 0.22 ± 0.15 0.11 ± 0.05 0.4880 0.17 ± 0.08 0.11 ± 0.03 0.4436

1) Mean ± SE

Table 5.
Food scores from each food group of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
Total food 32.59 ± 0.751) 32.81 ± 0.68 0.8247 33.50 ± 0.75 32.70 ± 0.96 0.4593 33.00 ± 0.55 32.76 ± 0.61 0.7519
Cereals 4.60 ± 0.13 4.43 ± 0.12 0.3441 4.56 ± 0.12 4.57 ± 0.17 0.9526 4.58 ± 0.09 4.50 ± 0.10 0.4953
Potato & Starches 0.71 ± 0.04 0.69 ± 0.05 0.7600 0.68 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.04 0.5933 0.70 ± 0.04 0.67 ± 0.03 0.5635
Sugars & Sweetners 1.44 ± 0.07 1.35 ± 0.06 0.2390 1.70 ± 0.06 1.59 ± 0.07 0.2593 1.56 ± 0.05 1.46 ± 0.04 0.1186
Pulses 0.85 ± 0.05 0.83 ± 0.05 0.6871 0.82 ± 0.05 0.76 ± 0.05 0.3739 0.84 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.04 0.3874
Nuts & Seeds 1.03 ± 0.07 1.03 ± 0.08 0.9960 1.08 ± 0.08 1.02 ± 0.08 0.5665 1.06 ± 0.06 1.03 ± 0.06 0.7165
Vegetables 8.26 ± 0.24 8.35 ± 0.20 0.7604 8.26 ± 0.23 7.98 ± 0.27 0.3828 8.26 ± 0.17 8.18 ± 0.17 0.7435
Fungi & Mushrooms 0.43 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.04 0.3399 0.54 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.06 0.5274 0.48 ± 0.04 0.49 ± 0.04 0.8555
Fruits 1.12 ± 0.09 0.98 ± 0.10 0.3002 1.21 ± 0.09 1.54 ± 0.17 0.0864 1.16 ± 0.06 1.24 ± 0.10 0.5271
Meats 1.80 ± 0.07 2.06 ± 0.09 0.0122 1.97 ± 0.08 1.89 ± 0.09 0.4478 1.88 ± 0.06 1.98 ± 0.06 0.1596
Eggs 0.69 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.03 0.5677 0.68 ± 0.03 0.66 ± 0.03 0.7090 0.69 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.02 0.8217
Fish & Shellfishes 1.79 ± 0.10 1.86 ± 0.11 0.6412 1.90 ± 0.10 1.64 ± 0.10 0.0675 1.84 ± 0.07 1.76 ± 0.08 0.4518
Seaweeds 0.74 ± 0.05 0.67 ± 0.05 0.2919 0.77 ± 0.05 0.74 ± 0.05 0.7205 0.76 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.04 0.3328
Milks 1.05 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.05 0.0238 1.03 ± 0.05 0.98 ± 0.06 0.4838 1.04 ± 0.04 0.94 ± 0.04 0.0253
Oils & Fat 1.98 ± 0.07 1.95 ± 0.06 0.6938 2.08 ± 0.06 1.88 ± 0.06 0.0249 2.03 ± 0.05 1.92 ± 0.04 0.0888
Beverages 0.54 ± 0.05 0.88 ± 0.06 < .0001 0.55 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.06 0.0003 0.54 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.04 < .0001
Seasoning 5.47 ± 0.14 5.53 ± 0.13 0.7543 5.58 ± 0.15 5.39 ± 0.17 0.4035 5.52 ± 0.11 5.47 ± 0.11 0.7242
Cooked & Processed food 0.08 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.3579 0.09 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.4604 0.08 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.2210

1) Mean ± SE

Table 6.
The variety and food intakes of meal in the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)
Food intakes of meal
  Breakfast 205.89 ± 9.111) 213.24 ± 11.57 0.6037 165.03 ± 8.89 155.36 ± 10.24 0.4665 186.89 ± 6.80 186.55 ± 7.58 0.9714
  Lunch 334.92 ± 13.88 438.60 ± 18.98 < .0001 308.71 ± 11.08 322.80 ± 16.40 0.4455 322.25 ± 9.71 385.42 ± 13.30 < .0001
  Dinner 373.17 ± 21.22 491.22 ± 28.56 0.0012 312.12 ± 18.84 319.01 ± 16.09 0.7786 344.26 ± 14.80 412.05 ± 17.86 0.0049
  Snack 494.93 ± 23.96 502.85 ± 31.70 0.8377 439.48 ± 23.12 406.49 ± 21.04 0.2507 469.04 ± 17.97 458.46 ± 20.67 0.6841
Number of dishes
  Breakfast 2.81 ± 0.11 2.66 ± 0.14 0.3844 2.65 ± 0.13 2.34 ± 0.15 0.1241 2.74 ± 0.09 2.51 ± 0.11 0.0855
  Lunch 3.72 ± 0.13 3.68 ± 0.13 0.8529 3.87 ± 0.11 3.61 ± 0.13 0.1293 3.79 ± 0.09 3.65 ± 0.10 0.3188
  Dinner 3.88 ± 0.16 3.93 ± 0.15 0.8229 3.62 ± 0.15 3.76 ± 0.15 0.5131 3.76 ± 0.11 3.85 ± 0.11 0.5551
  Snack 3.23 ± 0.11 2.97 ± 0.14 0.1389 3.31 ± 0.14 3.35 ± 0.15 0.8221 3.27 ± 0.10 3.14 ± 0.10 0.3464
Number of foods
  Breakfast 8.37 ± 0.41 8.03 ± 0.49 0.5915 8.63 ± 0.56 7.08 ± 0.54 0.0468 8.48 ± 0.35 7.60 ± 0.37 0.0609
  Lunch 16.20 ± 0.72 15.79 ± 0.69 0.6429 17.24 ± 0.65 15.38 ± 0.72 0.0307 16.67 ± 0.54 15.60 ± 0.52 0.1128
  Dinner 13.09 ± 0.59 14.08 ± 0.51 0.2243 12.21 ± 0.59 13.88 ± 0.61 0.0554 12.69 ± 0.39 13.99 ± 0.40 0.0249
  Snack 6.06 ± 0.35 6.10 ± 0.42 0.9440 6.37 ± 0.43 5.65 ± 0.39 0.1933 6.20 ± 0.28 5.90 ± 0.29 0.4398

1) Mean ± SE

Table 7.
Distribution of dietary diversity score (DDS) of the subjects
  Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value Girls (n = 719) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733) p value
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
DDS
  0 ~ 4 51.851) 49.69 0.0404 48.39 56.11 0.1837 50.29 52.60 0.0524
  5 31.18 38.85   34.23 30.73   32.56 35.18  
  6 16.97 11.45   17.38 13.16   17.16 12.22  
  Mean 4.44 ± 0.062) 4.37 ± 0.06 0.3770 4.43 ± 0.07 4.27 ± 0.07 0.1017 4.44 ± 0.05 4.33 ± 0.05 0.0727

1) %

2) Mean ± SE

Table 8.
Distribution of food group intake pattern (GMVFDO)1) of the subjects
Rank Sex Total (n = 1,555)
Boys (n = 836) p value 12 ~ 14 y (n = 822) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 733)
12 ~ 14 y (n = 450) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 386) 12 ~ 14 y (n = 372) 15 ~ 18 y (n = 347)
1 111111 16.972) 111011 18.61 111111 17.38 111111 13.16 111111 17.16 111011 14.66
2 111011 15.03 111111 13.77 111110 13.19 111001 10.81 111011 13.53 111001 12.44
3 111110 10.19 111001 11.45 111011 11.70 111011 9.88 111110 10.99 111111 12.22
4 111010 9.16 111110 9.91 111010 8.07 111101 8.77 111010 9.23 111110 8.91
5 111001 9.13 111101 7.72 111000 7.29 111100 8.27 111001 7.17 111101 8.20
6 111000 6.56 111010 6.80 111101 6.41 111110 7.70 111000 6.89 111010 7.01
7 111100 5.69 111000 6.79 101110 6.06 111010 7.28 101110 5.86 111000 6.07
8 101010 4.71 111100 4.17 111100 5.67 111000 5.18 111101 5.29 111100 6.02
9 101110 4.37 101010 2.52 111001 4.81 101111 4.20 111100 4.77 101111 3.24
10 111101 4.03 101000 2.45 101010 3.65 101100 3.16 101010 4.23 101010 2.69

1) GMVFDO: grains, meats, vegetables, fruits, dairys, fats and oils food group, 1: food group(s) present, 0: food group(s) absent, For example, GMVFDO = 111111 denotes that all food group (grains, meats, vegetables, fruits, dairys, fats and oils food group) were consumed.

2) %

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