Kazakhstan is one of the largest post-communist, multinational, non-Anglophone countries with an emerging economy and a great potential for research and scientific innovations. Its geographic location in the heart of Eurasia and strong ties with most developed nations, including those of the Asia Pacific region, make it possible to benefit from international cooperation in education and science, and produce high-quality scholarly articles.

Over the past decades, if not centuries, education and science in Central Asia and Kazakhstan have been oriented toward Russia, and the thinking of researchers was dominated by instructions issued by centralized governmental authorities in Soviet Russia. Many generations of regional scientists have been trained to write articles in Russian. They have been nurtured under the influence of Russian handbooks, monographs, dissertations, and seminal articles published in central press. It is therefore not surprising that a scientometric analysis of articles indexed by Scopus from 1991 to 2008 revealed intensively developing scientific cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan (2). Although all Kazakh researchers have been obliged to pass English language tests and process foreign literature to accomplish their theses and fulfil criteria for obtaining academic degrees, their exposure to scholarly English resources has been limited for decades.

Kazakhstan gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, its vast research infrastructure and standards of scientific work have been strictly regulated by the state independent authorities, issuing new governmental decrees and ministerial orders aimed at streamlining publication practices. In 2011, the Law on Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted to prioritize new scientific directions, quality publications, and set standards for awarding academic degrees and titles. In line with this, the list of local scientific periodicals endorsed by the Committee for Control of Education and Science was revised in 2012 (http://control.edu.gov.kz/en). The Committee tightened its selection criteria and limited the number of recommended periodicals for some disciplines. For example, the list of journals endorsed for medicine and pharmaceutical sciences was shortened from 43 to 9. As of January 2015, the list includes 146 local Russian-Kazakh journals, most of which are not indexed by the global bibliographic databases. Strikingly, there is only one periodical from Kazakhstan and Central Asia that is currently indexed by Scopus - the Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal. None of the Central Asian medical journals are currently indexed by MEDLINE, the most prestigious specialized biomedical database.

The regulatory legal acts of the Committee for Control of Education and Science issued in 2012 (http://control.edu.gov.kz/en/regulatory-legal-acts), among other criteria, require at least one article published in a journal with the 2-yr journal impact factor (JIF) above zero or indexed in Scopus to obtain a PhD degree. At least two and three articles published in journals with the JIF above zero are mandatory to fulfil the updated requirements for awarding associate professor and professor titles, respectively. Moreover, the system of grant funding from the Ministry of Education and Science now takes into account the quantity and 'impact' of the investigators' research output.

The absence of local or regional indexed periodicals and the poor English writing skills force Kazakh authors to submit most of their research articles to Russian journals, which are much better represented in Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. As a result, there are presently 46 leading academic and research institutions from Kazakhstan which are tracked by Scopus. The Scopus-based publication activity of the five leading Kazakh academic and research institutions is shown in Table 1. It is apparent that most indexed items come from Almaty and Astana, the two largest capital cities with advanced research infrastructure and technologies. Unfortunately, the list of periodicals that publish the largest number of items from Kazakhstan includes some questionable, or 'predatory', journals such as the Life Science Journal, World Applied Sciences Journal, and Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, which have been delisted from Scopus and have lost their impact indices recently (345).

Publishing in low-quality English journals is a real threat to the growing scientific activity of Kazakh authors, who are often targeted by numerous local and foreign unethical editing agencies. The agencies offer Russian-English translation services and 'fast' publication in journals with questionable editorial policies, poor quality control, and commercialized processing of submissions. By referring to these agencies, authors damage their reputation and end up wasting their research and writing potential (3).

Over the past few years, the Kazakh government has provided subsidized access to subscription databases and digital libraries such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink for faculty and students of state universities, creating ample opportunities for keeping abreast with scientific developments worldwide and learning by reading quality journals. Researchers and authors with state university affiliations can now perform searches through these databases, retrieve evidence-based references for their research papers, and improve chances of getting published in indexed international journals.

Although the number of articles from Kazakhstan, which are listed by Scopus, is low, it is in fact the highest in the Central Asian region. The leading position of the country in the region is evident from an analysis of multidisciplinary publication activity (Table 2). Compared with other countries, Kazakhstan has also the highest publication activity in the field of medicine (Table 3), but absolute numbers are much less impressive. In terms of citability, Kazakhstan retains high H-index values in multidisciplinary (64) and medical (20) subject categories. The most striking feature is the constantly growing number of publications from Kazakhstan after the adoption of the new Law on Science in 2011.

Alongside with the initial positive trends in publication activity, there are still numerous problems encountered by researchers, authors, and editors (Box 1). Clear understanding of the scale of the encountered problems by research management organizations in Kazakhstan may lead to targeted actions and possible solutions. Regrettably, local authors rarely use evidence-based English sources for their research and practice (6). Writing and editing skills of most authors are still unsatisfactory, creating a ground for referring to unethical writing and publishing services of commercial editing companies. In this context, local researchers and editors should be offered editing courses to upgrade their skills, familiarize with the principles of evidence-based science, and learn lessons from unethical publishing practices, retractions of articles, and delisting of predatory journals. The first case of retraction of an original research paper from Kazakhstan that was found to be entirely plagiarized (Virol Sin 2011;26:376-85; doi: 10.1007/s12250-011-3208-7) delivers a strong message to all honest local researchers - choose an original topic for research, improve English writing skills, and credit used sources by properly citing and referencing them. The delisting of the predatory journals, where some local researchers have published their articles, brings other important messages for all research contributors: 1) they have to learn how to distinguish the best target journals from vanity press (7) and trusted citation-based indicators from fake 'impact factors' (3); 2) they should also decline all commercial proposals of editing agencies, offering 'fast' publication in indexed journals with 'the impact'. Even some influential journals with high JIFs from Thomson Reuters (e.g., Oncotarget with the latest JIF of 6.359), where Kazakh researchers publish their research, are now listed as predatory.

On the part of Kazakh journal editors, they may improve the situation by learning lessons from global and regional editorial organizations, organizing their own editorial societies, passing trainings in evidence-based research and science editing, upgrading their journals' instructions for authors, prioritizing indexing in specialized bibliographic databases, archiving their scientific output in open-access repositories, and attracting more international authors, reviewers, and editorial board members. There are currently only four institutional repositories from Kazakhstan, with that of the Nazarbayev University (Astana) being the largest (http://repositories.webometrics.info/en/Asia/Kazakstan). Local journal editors should also make an extra effort to solicit English articles and provide more space for students' works, offering them editorial assistance when appropriate.

In conclusion, current regulatory legal acts and whitelists of recommended periodicals form the basis for boosting publication activity in Kazakhstan. However, additional efforts are required to improve researchers', authors', and editors' ethical editing and publishing skills, and to regulate relations between authors, editors, and editing agencies. Academic institutions may play a critical role by introducing elective undergraduate and postgraduate courses of scientific thinking, research methodology, and publication activity.