1. Waxman R, Tennant A, Helliwell P. Community survey of factors associated with consultation for low back pain. BMJ. 1998. 317:1564–1567.
2. Schneider S, Schmitt H, Zoller S, Schiltenwolf M. Workplace stress, lifestyle and social factors as correlates of back pain: a representative study of the German working population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005. 78:253–269.
3. Walker BF, Muller R, Grant WD. Low back pain in Australian adults. health provider utilization and care seeking. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004. 27:327–335.
4. Masset D, Malchaire J. Low back pain. Epidemiologic aspects and work-related factors in the steel industry. Spine. 1994. 19:143–146.
5. Burton AK, Balague F, Cardon G, Eriksen HR, Henrotin Y, Lahad A, Leclerc A, Muller G, van der Beek AJ. COST B13 Working Group on European Guidelines for Prevention in Low Back Pain. How to prevent low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005. 19:541–555.
6. Spengler DM, Bigos SJ, Martin NA, Zeh J, Fisher L, Nachemson A. Back injuries in industry: a retrospective study. I. Overview and cost analysis. Spine. 1986. 11:241–245.
7. Kobayashi T, Mitsumori K, Nishizawa K, Kawahara T, Ogura K, Ide Y. Association between body mass index and prostate cancer detection rates in Japanese urologic patients. Urology. 2005. 66:130–134.
8. Skovron ML, Szpalski M, Nordin M, Melot C, Cukier D. Sociocultural factors and back pain. A population-based study in Belgian adults. Spine. 1994. 19:129–137.
9. Frymoyer JW, Pope MH, Costanza MC, Rosen JC, Goggin JE, Wilder DG. Epidemiologic studies of low-back pain. Spine. 1980. 5:419–423.
10. Battie MC, Bigos SJ, Fisher LD, Hansson TH, Nachemson AL, Spengler DM, Wortley MD, Zeh J. A prospective study of the role of cardiovascular risk factors and fitness in industrial back pain complaints. Spine. 1989. 14:141–147.
11. Kaila-Kangas L, Leino-Arjas P, Riihimaki H, Luukkonen R, Kirjonen J. Smoking and overweight as predictors of hospitalization for back disorders. Spine. 2003. 28:1860–1868.
12. Holm S, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: acute effects of cigarette smoking. An experimental animal study. Ups J Med Sci. 1988. 93:91–99.
13. Eyring EJ. The biochemistry and physiology of the intervertebral disk. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1969. 67:16–28.
14. Iwahashi M, Matsuzaki H, Tokuhashi Y, Wakabayashi K, Uematsu Y. Mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration caused by nicotine in rabbits to explicate intervertebral disc disorders caused by smoking. Spine. 2002. 27:1396–1401.
15. Uematsu Y, Matuzaki H, Iwahashi M. Effects of nicotine on the intervertebral disc: an experimental study in rabbits. J Orthop Sci. 2001. 6:177–182.
16. Kovacs FM, Gestoso M, Gil del Real MT, Lopez J, Mufraggi N, Mendez JI. Risk factors for non-specific low back pain in schoolchildren and their parents: a population based study. Pain. 2003. 103:259–268.
17. Kostova V, Koleva M. Back disorders (low back pain, cervicobrachial and lumbosacral radicular syndromes) and some related risk factors. J Neurol Sci. 2001. 192:17–25.
18. Riihimaki H. Low-back pain, its origin and risk indicators. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991. 17:81–90.
19. Biering-Sorensen F. A prospective study of low back pain in a general population. III. Medical service--work consequence. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1983. 15:89–96.
20. Biering-Sorensen F, Thomsen C. Medical, social and occupational history as risk indicators for low-back trouble in a general population. Spine. 1986. 11:720–725.
21. Chibnall JT, Tait RC, Andresen EM, Hadler NM. Race and socioeconomic differences in post-settlement outcomes for African American and Caucasian workers' compensation claimants with low back injuries. Pain. 2005. 114:462–472.
22. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H. Correlates of back problems and back-related disability in the United States. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997. 50:669–681.
23. Heliovaara M. Occupation and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. J Chronic Dis. 1987. 40:259–264.
24. Leino-Arjas P, Kaila-Kangas L, Keskimaki I, Notkola V, Mutanen P. Inpatient hospital care for lumbar intervertebral disc disorders in Finland in relation to education, occupational class, income, and employment. Public Health. 2002. 116:272–278.
25. Dupuis H, Zerlett G. Whole-body vibration and disorders of the spine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1987. 59:323–336.
26. Boshuizen HC, Hulshof CT, Bongers PM. Long-term sick leave and disability pensioning due to back disorders of tractor drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1990. 62:117–122.
27. Riihimaki H, Mattsson T, Zitting A, Wickstrom G, Hanninen K, Waris P. Radiographically detectable degenerative changes of the lumbar spine among concrete reinforcement workers and house painters. Spine. 1990. 15:114–119.
28. Riihimaki H, Tola S, Videman T, Hanninen K. Low-back pain and occupation. A cross-sectional questionnaire study of men in machine operating, dynamic physical work, and sedentary work. Spine. 1989. 14:204–209.
29. Burton AK. How to prevent low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005. 19:541–555.
30. Linton SJ, van Tulder MW. Preventive interventions for back and neck pain problems: what is the evidence? Spine. 2001. 26:778–787.
31. Tveito TH, Hysing M, Eriksen HR. Low back pain interventions at the workplace: a systematic literature review. Occup Med (Lond). 2004. 54:3–13.
32. Deyo RA, Bass JE. Lifestyle and low-back pain. The influence of smoking and obesity. Spine. 1989. 14:501–506.
33. Mirtz TA, Greene L. Is obesity a risk factor for low back pain? An example of using the evidence to answer a clinical question. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005. 13:2.
34. Foppa I, Noack RH. The relation of self-reported back pain to psychosocial, behavioral, and health-related factors in a working population in Switzerland. Soc Sci Med. 1996. 43:1119–1126.