Validity of Korean Version Reading Speed Application and Measurement of Reading Speed: Pilot Study

Jiho Song; Jae-hyung Kim; Sungmin Hyung

doi:10.3341/jkos.2016.57.4.642

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Song, Kim, and Hyung: Validity of Korean Version Reading Speed Application and Measurement of Reading Speed: Pilot Study

Original Article

J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(4):642-649.

Published online: 3 September 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2016.57.4.642

Validity of Korean Version Reading Speed Application and Measurement of Reading Speed: Pilot Study

Jiho Song, MD, Jae-hyung Kim, MD, PhD, Sungmin Hyung, MD, PhD

Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea

Address reprint requests to Sungmin Hyung, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, #776 1sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea Tel: 82-43-269-6146, Fax: 82-43-269-6149 E-mail: smh@chungbuk.ac.kr

Received 12 November 2015 Revised 24 December 2015 Accepted 24 February 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Reading speed is one of the methods used to measure near visual function. Although several versions of reading charts in different languages have been introduced, there is no Korean version of the reading chart yet. Therefore, we investigated the reading speed of normal-sighted Korean people using a recently developed reading speed application for the iPad tablet in Korea.

Methods

Normal-sighted participants without presbyopia were included and a third generation retina display iPad was used to measure reading speed. The iPad screen was set to maximum brightness and the examination was performed at a distance of 40 cm. Reading speeds were recorded twice: one for reading the sentence silently (reading only) and one for reading the sentence out loud (reading & speaking).

Results

The test sentences used in the application had 18.9 ± 2.6 letters and 6.5 ± 0.7 words on average. Twenty-five males and seventeen females were included. The average of the reading only speed was 202.3 ± 88.4 words per minute (WPM), and that of the reading & speaking speed was 129.7 ± 25.9 WPM, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This Korean reading chart application is the first self-reporting reading chart in Korean. This chart could present a new standard for measuring both reading only and reading & speaking speeds.

Keywords: Application, iPad, Korean, Presbyopia, Reading speed

References

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Figure 1.

Comparison of the studies. Frequency of graphemic elements used in the sentences which were composed of syllable blocks.^11,12

Figure 2.

Test Methods. Comparison of two reading speeds (reading only vs. reading & speaking) in each print size. The average of the reading only speed in each print size was faster than that of the reading & speaking speed (Mann-Whitney U test, p-value< 0.05).

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics

	Male (n = 25)	Female (n = 17)	p-value^*
Age (years)	29.8 ± 3.6	30.4 ± 5.7	0.77
CDVA (OD, diopter)	0.00 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	>0.99
CDVA (OS, diopter)	0.00 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	>0.99
SE (OD, diopter)	−3.06 ± 2.73	−0.94 ± 2.28	<0.01
SE (OS, diopter)	−2.97 ± 2.84	−1.08 ± 2.10	0.01
Astigmatism (OD, diopter)	−0.68 ± 0.79	−0.35 ± 0.39	0.27
Astigmatism (OS, diopter)	−0.64 ± 0.70	−0.54 ± 0.67	0.74

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.

CDVA = corrected distant visual acuity; SE = spherical equivalent.

^* Mann-Whitney U-test.

Table 2.

Graphemic elements used in the sentences which were composed of syllable blocks

First consonant	N (%)	Medial consonant	N (%)	Final consonant	N (%)
ㄱ	124 (14.2)	ㅏ	293 (24.6)	ㄱ	55 (9.1)
ㄲ	27 (3.1)	ㅐ	40 (3.4)	ㄲ	1 (0.2)
ㄴ	83 (9.5)	ㅑ	9 (0.8)	ㄳ	0 (0)
ㄷ	103 (11.8)	ㅒ	0 (0)	ㄴ	111 (18.4)
ㄸ	14 (1.6)	ㅓ	106 (8.9)	ㄵ	0 (0)
ㄹ	89 (10.2)	ㅔ	63 (5.3)	ㄶ	11 (1.8)
ㅁ	76 (8.7)	ㅕ	47 (4.0)	ㄷ	4 (0.7)
ㅂ	54 (6.2)	ㅖ	5 (0.4)	ㄹ	147 (24.3)
ㅃ	5 (0.6)	ㅗ	131 (11.0)	ㄺ	10 (1.7)
ㅅ	80 (9.1)	ㅘ	12 (1.0)	ㄻ	2 (0.3)
ㅆ	7 (0.8)	ㅙ	1 (0.1)	ㄼ	2 (0.3)
ㅈ	74 (8.5)	ㅚ	3 (0.3)	ㄽ	0 (0)
ㅉ	5 (0.6)	ㅛ	15 (1.3)	ㄾ	0 (0)
ㅊ	32 (3.7)	ㅜ	81 (6.8)	ㄿ	0 (0)
ㅋ	3 (0.3)	ㅝ	6 (0.5)	ㅀ	6 (1.0)
ㅌ	8 (0.9)	ㅞ	0 (0)	ㅁ	40 (6.6)
ㅍ	18 (2.1)	ㅟ	10 (0.8)	ㅂ	30 (5.0)
ㅎ	73 (8.3)	ㅠ	0 (0)	ㅄ	2 (0.3)
		ㅡ	172 (14.5)	ㅅ	40 (6.6)
		ㅢ	3 (0.3)	ㅆ	45 (7.5)
		ㅣ	192 (16.1)	ㅇ	43 (7.1)
				ㅈ	15 (2.5)
				ㅊ	6 (1.0)
				ㅋ	0 (0)
				ㅌ	15 (2.5)
				ㅍ	10 (1.7)
				ㅎ	9 (1.5)

Total	875 (100)	Total	1,189 (100)	Total	604 (100)

Table 3.

Comparison of reading speed (reading only)

	Size of letter (point)	Total (n = 42)	Male (n = 25)	Female (n = 17)	p-value^*
WPM	29	208.5 ± 78.4	207.0 ± 74.7	210.6 ± 85.8	0.91
	27	215.2 ± 97.9	231.2 ± 110.4	191.7 ± 72.7	0.25
	20	218.3 ± 102.6	225.6 ± 116.1	207.5 ± 81.1	0.62
	15.5	219.6 ± 87.5	226.8 ± 90.9	208.9 ± 83.8	0.47
	13.5	207.7 ± 94.2	215.7 ± 103.1	196.1 ± 80.8	0.83
	10	202.3 ± 88.4	205.7 ± 100.1	197.3 ± 70.5	0.84
	9	198.4 ± 80.7	205.0 ± 80.7	188.8 ± 82.3	0.48
	6.5	187.6 ± 82.3	203.8 ± 88.9	163.9 ± 66.9	0.08
	5.5	185.4 ± 78.0	193.7 ± 86.9	173.2 ± 63.4	0.43
	4.5	173.0 ± 77.8	185.9 ± 83.3	154.1 ± 66.9	0.30
	3.5	146.5 ± 70.1	155.3 ± 74.8	133.4 ± 62.3	0.30
LPM	29	565.6 ± 272.3	586.6 ± 233.7	534.7 ± 326.0	0.43
	27	578.8 ± 336.1	634.9 ± 371.9	496.4 ± 264.4	0.34
	20	561.6 ± 294.2	594.6 ± 281.1	513.1 ± 314.8	0.30
	15.5	577.0 ± 321.4	641.0 ± 342.7	483.0 ± 269.6	0.15
	13.5	553.9 ± 289.8	605.6 ± 309.5	477.9 ± 247.5	0.13
	10	549.7 ± 348.9	592.2 ± 399.6	487.2 ± 256.0	0.40
	9	543.9 ± 270.4	589.7 ± 263.8	476.7 ± 273.6	0.17
	6.5	515.6 ± 292.3	573.4 ± 310.8	430.6 ± 247.2	0.08
	5.5	483.1 ± 249.9	532.2 ± 260.1	410.8 ± 221.7	0.13
	4.5	467.7 ± 236.5	520.4 ± 236.3	390.2 ± 221.0	0.08
	3.5	381.6 ± 216.2	436.7 ± 222.8	300.7 ± 183.2	0.03

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.

WPM = words per minute; LPM = letters per minute.

^* Mann-Whitney U-test, p-value <0.05.

Table 4.

Comparison of reading speed (reading & speaking)

	Size of letter (point)	Total (n = 42)	Male (n = 25)	Female (n = 17)	p-value^*
WPM	29	150.0 ± 58.5	151.2 ± 70.0	148.1 ± 37.7	0.60
	27	132.1 ± 27.9	129.9 ± 30.1	135.4 ± 24.8	0.30
	20	132.9 ± 27.1	128.6 ± 24.1	139.0 ± 30.6	0.34
	15.5	131.2 ± 26.1	129.4 ± 28.7	133.9 ± 22.4	0.60
	13.5	134.6 ± 21.5	129.7 ± 19.7	141.8 ± 22.6	0.08
	10	129.7 ± 25.9	129.8 ± 28.8	129.5 ± 21.9	0.75
	9	128.9 ± 28.0	127.2 ± 25.5	131.3 ± 31.9	0.65
	6.5	130.9 ± 26.4	129.9 ± 30.2	132.5 ± 20.4	0.60
	5.5	124.1 ± 25.2	123.4 ± 26.6	125.2 ± 23.8	0.93
	4.5	129.1 ± 26.4	127.5 ±28.6	131.6 ± 23.3	0.56
	3.5	111.3 ± 30.3	110.6 ± 28.8	112.3 ± 33.2	0.89
LPM	29	350.1 ± 105.0	350.5 ± 91.8	349.5 ± 124.9	0.78
	27	341.0 ± 83.8	360.0 ± 90.2	312.9 ± 66.3	0.04
	20	341.0 ± 85.5	342.8 ± 92.3	338.3 ± 77.1	0.56
	15.5	336.2 ± 88.5	342.9 ± 61.3	326.2 ± 119.4	0.12
	13.5	333.5 ± 81.7	331.1 ± 84.2	337.1 ± 80.4	0.79
	10	325.9 ± 109.8	329.7 ± 112.5	320.4 ± 108.8	0.52
	9	335.6 ± 93.0	331.3 ± 95.8	342.0 ± 91.3	0.99
	6.5	331.5 ± 94.1	343.8 ± 94.0	313.3 ± 94.0	0.19
	5.5	329.2 ± 91.7	337.5 ± 92.9	317.0 ± 91.3	0.62
	4.5	328.7 ± 77.9	325.2 ± 76.0	333.8 ± 82.8	0.75
	3.5	276.9 ± 94.7	298.5 ± 97.4	245.1 ± 83.2	0.05

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.

WPM = words per minute; LPM = letters per minute.

^* Mann-Whitney U-test, p-value <0.05.

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