Journal List > J Korean Ophthalmol Soc > v.56(9) > 1010089

Kim and Park: The Effect of Inferior Oblique Muscle Transposition in Primary and Secondary Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate and compare the effect of transposition of inferior oblique muscle in patients with primary inferior oblique muscle overaction and secondary due to superior oblique muscle palsy.

Methods

The present study included 41 patients (53 eyes), who appeared to have primary or secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction due to superior oblique muscle palsy and received transposition of inferior oblique muscle with at least 3 months of fol-low-up. Patients were retrospectively analyzed to compare the effect of correction and its prognosis. Inferior oblique muscle over-action was graded as +1 to +4 according to the severity. Successful surgery was defined as postoperative inferior oblique muscle overaction from 0 to +1 and failure as above +2. Hypertropia in primary gaze was also recorded to evaluate the effect of correction.

Results

Twenty-six (35 eyes) and 15 (18 eyes) patients with primary and secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction due to superior oblique muscle palsy, respectively, received transposition of inferior oblique muscle. Patients with primary inferior obli-que muscle overaction showed correction of 2.1 ± 0.9 with preoperative inferior oblique muscle overaction of 2.0 ± 0.7. Patients with secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction showed a correction of 2.3 ± 0.9 with preoperative value of 2.3 ± 0.8. Each 3.2 ± 4.1 prism diopters (PD) and 6.5 ± 5.3 PD of hypertropia at primary gaze showed correction of 3.0 ± 7.4 PD and 6.3 ± 5.1 PD, respectively, in each group.

Conclusions

Primary and secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction due to superior oblique muscle palsy showed no differ-ence in correction of overaction and hypertropia after transposition of inferior oblique muscle. Except for presence of inferior obli-que muscle underaction, the correction appears effective with good prognosis.

References

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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram showing IO placement in four grades (right eye, viewed from below). (A) Grade I: IO place-ment-4 mm posterior and 2 mm lateral to IR insertion. (B) Grade II: IO placement-4 mm posterior to IR insertion. (C) Grade III: IO placement-at IR insertion. (D) Grade IV: IO placement-full anteriorization with ‘J’ deformity. IO = inferior oblique muscle; IR = inferior rectus muscle.
jkos-56-1424f1.tif
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients classified by IOOA classification
Group I (1° IOOA) Group II (2° IOOA-SOP)
With ET With XT With ET With XT Without
No. of eyes 7 28 6 9 3
Sex
Male 3 13 5 5 3
Female 4 15 1 4 0
Mean age (years) 4.2 ± 2.0 7.4 ± 5.8 10.3 ± 5.9 7.0 ± 3.5 4.6 ± 1.7
Mean follow-up (months) 28.7 ± 26.9 25.1 ± 28.5 15.2 ± 15.3 14.3 ± 12.5 4.0 ± 1.7
Laterality
Right 3 6 0 4 3
Left 0 8 2 3 0
Both 2 7 2 1 0

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. IOOA = inferior oblique overaction; SOP = superior oblique muscle palsy; ET = esotropia; XT = exotropia.

Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients classified by surgical methods
IO transposition IO transposition IO transposition IO transposition
Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV§
No. of eyes 4 37 9 3
Sex
Male 3 15 8 3
Female 1 22 1 0
Mean age (years) 9.7 ± 5.2 7.0 ± 5.3 5.8 ± 4.1 8.3 ± 5.8
Mean follow-up (months) 18.0 ± 14.7 22.3 ± 25.7 25.6 ± 26.0 2.3 ± 1.2
Laterality
Right 1 17 1 1
Left 3 10 4 0
Both 0 5 2 1

Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. IO = inferior oblique.

IO placement: 4 mm posterior and 2 mm lateral to inferior rectus (IR) insertion;

IO placement: 4 mm posterior to IR insertion;

IO placement: at IR insertion;

§ IO placement: full anteriorization with ‘J’ deformity.

Table 3.
Change of average amount of IOOA and hypertropia (at primary position) classified by IOOA classification
Classification of IOOA Amount of IOOA/hypertropia (Δ, PD) Amount of IOOA/hypertropia (Δ, PD) orrection
Preop. Postop. (3 months) Postop. (12 months)
Group I (1° IOOA)
With esotropia (n = 7) 2.3 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 1.0 -0.5 ± 1.0 2.4 ± 1.1
2.3 ± 2.9 0.4 ± 6.7 0.3 ± 3.7 0.0 ± 6.5
With exotropia (n = 28) 2.0 ± 0.73.4 ± 4.4 0.1 ± 0.8-0.1 ± 5.0§ -0.1 ± 0.5-1.5 ± 3.2§ 2.0 ± 0.83.8 ± 7.6
Unilateral (n = 17) 1.8 ± 0.6 -0.2 ± 0.7 -0.4 ± 0.7 2.1 ± 1.0
5.0 ± 4.5 -1.8 ± 4.6§ -2.0 ± 3.5§ 6.6 ± 5.7
Bilateral (n = 9) 2.2 ± 0.81.4 ± 2.9 0.3 ± 0.71.7 ± 5.3 0.1 ± 0.3-0.1 ± 2.8§ 2.0 ± 0.8-0.3 ± 7.4§
Total (n = 35) 2.0 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.7 -0.2 ± 0.6‡,** 2.1 ± 0.9‡‡
3.2 ± 4.1# -0.1 ± 5.2§ -1.1 ± 3.2§,†† 3.0 ± 7.4§§
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP)
With esotropia (n = 6) 2.5 ± 0.8 0.7 ± 1.2 0.3 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 1.3
5.5 ± 6.9 1.0 ± 2.4 0.0 ± 0.0 4.5 ± 5.7
With exotropia (n = 9) 2.1 ± 0.6 -0.4 ± 0.5 -0.2 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.6
8.2 ± 4.2 -0.1 ± 2.3§ 0.6 ± 1.3 8.4 ± 4.2
Without (n = 3) 2.7 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 0.0 - 2.7 ± 1.2
2.0 ± 2.8 0.0 ± 0.0 - 2.0 ± 2.8
Unilateral (n = 12) 2.0 ± 0.7 -0.3 ± 0.5 -0.3 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.7
7.9 ± 4.4 0.4 ± 2.6 1.0 ± 1.7 7.5 ± 4.0
Bilateral (n = 3) 2.8 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 1.1 0.1 ± 0.3 2.1 ± 1.4
4.0 ± 6.3 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 4.0 ± 6.3
Total (n = 18) 2.3 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.9 -0.1 ± 0.4‡,** 2.3 ± 0.9‡‡
6.5 ± 5.3# 0.3 ± 2.1 0.4 ± 1.1†† 6.3 ± 5.1§§

Values are presented as mean ± SD. IOOA = inferior oblique overaction; PD = prism diopter; Preop. = preoperation; Postop. = postoperation; SOP = superior oblique muscle palsy.

Amount of IOOA classified by Del Monte and Parks19;

Amount of hypertropia at primary position in prism diopters;

Minus stands for in-ferior oblique (IO) underaction;

§ Minus stands for amount of ipsilateral hypotropia;

Preop. amount of IOOA between Group I and II ( p = 0.175);

# Preop. amount of hypertropia between Group I and II ( p = 0.026);

∗∗ Postop. (12 months) amount of IOOA between Group I and II ( p = 0.900);

†† Postop. (12 months) amount of hypertropia between Group I and II ( p = 0.171);

‡‡ Amount of IOOA correction between Group I and II ( p = 0.331);

§§ Amount of hypertropia correction between Group I and II ( p = 0.093).

Table 4.
Change of average amount of IOOA and hypertropia (at primary position) in each surgical type classified by IOOA classi-fication
Classification of IOOA IO trans amount of I IO tra amount
Preop. Postop. Postop. Preop. Postop. Postop.
Preop. (3 months) (12 months) Preop. (3 months) (12 months)
Group I (1° IOOA)
With esotropia (n = 7) 2.0 ± 0.7 -0.2 ± 1.1 -0.7 ± 1.2 3.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0
3.2 ± 2.9 0.6 ± 8.1 -1.3 ± 2.3§ 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 5.0 ± 0.0
With exotropia (n = 28) 1.7 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.6 -0.2 ± 0.4 3.2 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 1.1 0.5 ± 0.7
3.1 ± 3.8 -0.5 ± 4.7§ -1.7 ± 3.4§ 4.4 ± 7.0 1.4 ± 6.3 0.0 ± 0.0
Total (n = 35)# 1.8 ± 0.5 -0.1 ± 0.7 -0.3 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.6
3.2 ± 3.6 -0.3 ± 5.3§ -1.6 ± 3.1§ 3.1 ± 6.1 1.0 ± 5.2 1.7 ± 2.9
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP)
With esotropia (n = 6) 2.0 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 1.3 0.0 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 1.4 0.5 ± 0.0
4.8 ± 6.6 1.5 ± 3.0 0.0 ± 0.0 7.0 ± 10.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
With exotropia (n = 9) 1.9 ± 0.49.1 ± 3.2 -0.4 ± 0.6-0.1 ± 2.6§ -0.3 ± 0.61.0 ± 1.7 3.0 ± 0.05.0 ± 7.1 -0.3 ± 0.40.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0
Without (n = 3) 2.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 - 4.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 -
2.0 ± 2.8 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 0.0 ± 0.0 -
Total (n = 18)# 1.9 ± 0.3 -0.1 ± 0.9 -0.3 ± 0.5 3.4 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.3
6.7 ± 5.0 0.4 ± 2.5 0.8 ± 1.5 6.0 ± 7.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0

Values are presented as mean ± SD.

IOOA = inferior oblique overaction; IO = inferior oblique; PD = prism diopter; Preop. = preoperation; Postop. = postoperation; SOP = superior oblique muscle palsy.

Amount of IOOA classified by Del Monte and Parks19;

Amount of hypertropia at primary position in prism diopters;

Minus stands for IO underaction;

§ Minus stands for amount of ipsilateral hypotropia;

Grade I: IO placement: 4 mm posterior and 2 mm lateral to inferior rectus (IR) insertion. Grade II: IO placement: 4 mm posterior to IR insertion. Grade III: IO placement: At IR insertion. Grade IV: IO placement: full anteriorization with ‘J’ deformity;

# Total: Number of eyes in IO transposition Grade I + II and IO transposition Grade III + IV.

Table 5.
Success rate of correction in each amount of IOOA
Preop. IOOA Postop. IOOA Success rate (%)
Underaction(<0) Excellent (0) Good (+1) Fair (+2) Poor (>+2)
+1 (n = 10) 2 8 0 0 0 80.0
Group I (1° IOOA) (n = 9) 1 8 0 0 0 88.9
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 1) 1 0 0 0 0 0.0
+2 (n = 30) 6 21 1 2 0 73.3
Group I (1° IOOA) (n = 18) 3 13 1 1 0 77.8
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 12) 3 8 0 1 0 66.7
+3 (n = 10) 1 7 1 1 0 80.0
Group I (1° IOOA) (n = 7) 1 5 1 0 0 85.7
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 3) 0 2 0 1 0 66.7
+4 (n = 3) 0 2 0 1 0 66.7
Group I (1° IOOA) (n = 1) 0 0 0 1 0 0.0
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 2) 0 2 0 0 0 100
Total (n = 53) 9 38 2 4 0 75.5
Group I (1° IOOA) (n = 35) 5 26 2 2 0 80.0§
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 18) 4 12 0 2 0 66.7§

IOOA = inferior oblique overaction; Preop. = preoperation; Postop. = postoperation; SOP = superior oblique muscle palsy.

Amount of IOOA classified by Del Monte and Parks19;

IOOA underaction recorded as minus value;

Amount of postoperative IOOA included between excellent (0) and good (+1);

§ Success rate between Group I and II ( p = 0.290).

Table 6.
Success rate of correction in each amount of hypertropia
Preop. hypertropia (Δ, PD) Postop. hypertropia (Δ, PD) Success rate (%)
Ipsilateral hypotropia(<0 Δ, PD) Excellent (0-3 Δ, PD) Good (4-7 Δ, PD) Poor (≥8 Δ, PD)
1-10 (n = 46) 8 33 2 3 76.1
Group (1° IOOA) (n = 33) 7 21 2 3 69.7
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 13) 1 12 0 0 92.3
11-20 (n = 7) 1 4 2 0 85.7
Group (1° IOOA) (n = 2) 1 0 1 0 50.0
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 5) 0 4 1 0 100
Total (n = 53) 9 37 4 3 77.4
Group (1° IOOA) (n = 35) 8 21 3 3 68.6§
Group II (2° IOOA-SOP) (n = 18) 1 16 1 0 94.4§

Preop. = preoperation; PD = prism diopter; Postop. = postoperation; IOOA = inferior oblique overaction; SOP = superior oblique muscle palsy.

Amount of hypertropia at primary gaze in prism diopters;

Amount of hypotropia on ipsilateral side recorded as minus value;

Amount of post-operative hypertropia included between excellent (0-3 Δ, PD) and good (4-7 Δ, PD);

§ Success rate between Group I and II ( p = 0.035).

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