Journal List > J Korean Ophthalmol Soc > v.56(9) > 1010081

Park, Tayler, and Chung: Association between Decreased Visual Acuity and Self-Report Depressive Disorder or Depressive Mood: KNHANES IV

Abstract

Purpose

To assess the association between decreased visual acuity (VA) and diagnosis of depressive disorder by a physician or experience of depressive mood using self-report questionnaires.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using nationally representative data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2012). A total of 28,919 adults who had sociodemographic and health behav-ioral risk factors available were included. An association between decreased VA and depression was identified using multi-variate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for possible confounders. Depression was defined as a depressive disorder with a diagnosis by a physician or depressive mood lasting more than 2 weeks using self-report questionnaires.

Results

The prevalence of depressive disorder and depressive mood in Koreans was 1,160 (4.0%) and 4,063 (14.1%), respectively. In univariable logistic regression, there was significant association between VA and depressive disorder or depres-sive mood. However, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, this study found no statistically significant association between VA status and the prevalence of depressive disorder or depressive mood in Koreans.

Conclusions

No association between decreased VA and a depressive disorder/depressive mood in Korean adults after adjust-ing for possible confounders was found. Therefore, further longitudinal cohort studies examining the causal relationship between decreased VA and depression in Korean adults are necessary.

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Figure 1.
Proportion of depressive disorder and depressive mood according to visual acuity. Black line and circle mean predicted value of depressive disorder/depressive mood and vertical axis mean percentage of proportion and 95% confidential interval of de-pressive disorder/depressive mood. Horizontal axis means visual acuity by Snellen scale 1.0, 0.8, 0.5-0.63, 0.25-0.4, and LP-0.2. 1.0 means a decimal unit of visual acuity respectively. (A) Depressive disorder by visual acuity. (B) Depressive mood for 2 weeks by visual acuity. LP = light perception.
jkos-56-1377f1.tif
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study population (n = 28,919)
Variables n Percentage (%)
Depressive disorder
 No 27,759 96.0
 Yes 1,160 4.0
Depressive mood
 No 24,856 86.0
 Yes 4,063 14.1
Visual acuity
1.0 17,958 62.1
0.8 9,041 31.3
0.5-0.63 1,412 4.9
0.25-0.4 375 1.3
LP-0.2 133 0.5
Age (years)
19-29 3,621 12.5
30-39 5,414 18.7
40-49 5,360 18.5
50-59 5,291 18.3
60-69 4,859 16.8
70-79 3,592 12.4
≥80 782 2.7
Sex
Male 12,333 42.7
Female 16,586 57.4
Household income
1st quintile 6,054 21.2
2nd-4th quintile 16,104 56.5
5th quintile 6,359 22.3
Education
Elementary school 7,558 26.7
Middle school 3,135 11.1
High school 9,633 34.0
University or higher 8,031 28.3
Occupation
Indoor 9,136 32.2
Outdoor 7,609 26.9
Not economically active population 11,599 40.9
Residential area
Urban 22,317 77.2
Rural 6,602 22.8
Spouse
With 25,087 86.9
Without 3,784 13.1
Lifetime smoker
 No 17,404 61.4
 Yes 10,961 38.6
Binge alcohol user
 No 19,617 68.7
 Yes 8,924 31.3
Perceived stress
Mild 4,494 15.8
Moderate 22,533 79.4
Severe 1,345 4.7

LP = light perception.

Visual acuity based on Snellen chart based on better seeing eye.

Table 2.
Association between visual acuity and depression-univariate and multivariate logistic regression
Variables Unadjusted OR 95% CI p-value Adjusted OR 95% CI p-value
Visual acuity
1.0 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
0.8 1.38 1.17-1.63 <0.01 1.04 0.85-1.26 0.71
0.5-0.63 1.76 1.33-2.35 <0.01 1.11 0.77-1.59 0.59
0.25-0.4 1.38 0.67-2.88 0.38 0.90 0.41-1.95 0.78
LP-0.2 0.72 0.21-2.51 0.61 0.56 0.16-1.97 0.36
Age (years)
19-29 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
30-39 1.08 0.79-1.46 0.64 1.04 0.76-1.42 0.81
40-49 1.23 0.90-1.67 0.19 1.21 0.88-1.65 0.24
50-59 2.14 1.60-2.85 <0.01 1.57 1.13-2.18 <0.01
60-69 2.15 1.62-2.87 <0.01 1.23 0.85-1.78 0.28
70-79 1.79 1.32-2.42 <0.01 0.82 0.53-1.26 0.36
Over 80 1.23 0.69-2.18 0.49 0.38 0.20-0.75 <0.01
Sex
Male 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Female 3.38 2.82-4.04 <0.01 3.44 2.55-4.64 <0.01
Household income
1st quintile 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
2nd-4th quintile 0.67 0.56-0.81 <0.01 0.96 0.77-1.20 0.73
5th quintile 0.61 0.48-0.78 <0.01 1.05 0.79-1.39 0.75
Education
Elementary school 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Middle school 0.84 0.67-1.06 0.14 0.90 0.69-1.18 0.45
High school 0.53 0.45-0.63 <0.01 0.65 0.50-0.86 <0.01
University or higher 0.32 0.25-0.39 <0.01 0.43 0.31-0.61 <0.01
Occupation
Indoor 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Outdoor 1.27 1.01-1.58 0.04 1.06 0.83-1.34 0.65
Not economically active population 2.46 2.03-2.97 <0.01 1.76 1.44-2.15 <0.01
Residential area
Urban 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Rural 0.89 0.73-1.09 0.25 0.79 0.64-0.99 0.04
Spouse
With 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Without 2.15 1.79-2.58 <0.01 1.32 1.05-1.66 0.02
Lifetime smoker
 No 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
 Yes 0.64 0.55-0.75 <0.01 1.71 1.34-2.18 <0.01
Binge alcohol user
 No 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
 Yes 0.57 0.47-0.68 <0.01 0.83 0.66-1.03 0.09
Perceived stress
Mild 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Moderate 1.63 1.28-2.08 <0.01 1.85 1.45-2.37 <0.01
Severe 5.15 3.77-7.05 <0.01 5.15 3.75-7.09 <0.01

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidential interval; LP = light perception; ref = reference.

Visual acuity based on Snellen chart based on better seeing eye.

Table 3.
Association between visual acuity and depressive mood for 2 weeks-univariate and multivariate logistic regression
Variables Unadjusted OR 95% CI p-value Adjusted OR 95% CI p-value
Visual acuity
1.0 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
0.8 1.31 1.20-1.44 <0.01 1.04 0.94-1.16 0.44
0.5-0.63 1.78 1.50-2.11 <0.01 1.13 0.91-1.40 0.27
0.25-0.4 1.54 1.07-2.20 0.02 1.06 0.69-1.64 0.79
LP-0.2 1.96 1.13-3.39 0.02 1.34 0.65-2.77 0.43
Age (years)
19-29 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
30-39 0.88 0.75-1.02 0.09 0.87 0.74-1.02 0.09
40-49 1.01 0.88-1.17 0.84 0.99 0.85-1.15 0.90
50-59 1.41 1.22-1.62 <0.01 1.17 0.99-1.39 0.06
60-69 1.35 1.16-1.56 <0.01 0.88 0.72-1.08 0.23
70-79 1.52 1.30-1.77 <0.01 0.84 0.67-1.05 0.13
Over 80 1.62 1.24-2.12 <0.01 0.91 0.63-1.32 0.62
Sex
Male 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Female 2.07 1.90-2.27 <0.01 2.05 1.78-2.38 <0.01
Household income
1st quintile 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
2nd-4th quintile 0.57 0.52-0.63 <0.01 0.72 0.64-0.81 <0.01
5th quintile 0.52 0.46-0.59 <0.01 0.74 0.64-0.86 <0.01
Education
Elementary school 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Middle school 0.77 0.67-0.88 <0.01 0.86 0.73-1.02 0.08
High school 0.56 0.50-0.62 <0.01 0.67 0.58-0.79 <0.01
University or higher 0.41 0.37-0.46 <0.01 0.54 0.45-0.65 <0.01
Occupation
Indoor 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Outdoor 1.10 0.99-1.23 0.09 0.93 0.82-1.06 0.27
Not economically active population 1.56 1.41-1.72 <0.01 1.24 1.10-1.39 <0.01
Residential area
Urban 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Rural 1.13 1.03-1.25 0.01 1.05 0.94-1.18 0.41
Spouse
With 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Without 2.25 2.03-2.49 <0.01 1.62 1.42-1.84 <0.01
Lifetime smoker
 No 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
 Yes 0.76 0.70-0.83 <0.01 1.28 1.12-1.47 <0.01
Binge alcohol user
 No 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
 Yes 0.85 0.77-0.94 <0.01 1.12 0.99-1.28 0.07
Perceived stress
Mild 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Moderate 3.44 2.88-4.12 <0.01 4.36 3.62-5.26 <0.01
Severe 21.80 17.61-26.99 <0.01 26.87 21.43-33.70 <0.01

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidential interval; LP = light perception; ref = reference.

Visual acuity based on Snellen chart based on better seeing eye.

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