Journal List > Urogenit Tract Infect > v.11(1) > 1084190

Choi, Song, and Ko: Clinical Significance of Toll-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Blocker

Abstract

The mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, consisting of 13 members, plays an important role in innate recognition of specific patterns of microbial products. TLR-dependent recognition subsequently causes an activation of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. TLR-mediated signaling pathways consist of two pathways that induce gene expression: the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon--dependent pathway. Synthetic TLR agonists, as well as TLR antagonists, affect and manipulate the host defense systems, and some of these immunomodulating agents may help to overcome intrinsic disturbances of the TLR system to offer new treatment options in urinary tract infection (UTI). Future studies are necessary to clarify additional associations between TLRs and severity of UTI, which may help in developing new treatment options.

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Table 1.
Toll-like receptors and their ligands
TLR Ligands
TLR1 Triacyl lipopeptides
TLR2 Peptidoglycan Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, lipoarabinomannan, GPI anchors, phenol-soluble modulin, zymosan, glycolipids
TLR3 dsRNA
TLR4 LPS, Taxol, RSV fusion protein, MMTV envelope protein, endogenous ligand (HSPs, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid)
TLR5 Flagellin
TLR6 Diacyl lipopeptides
TLR7 ssRNA, imidazoquinolines
TLR8 ssRNA, imidazoquinolines (only in humans)
TLR9 CpG DNA
TLR10 Unknown
TLR11 Profilin, flagellin
TLR12 Profilin
TLR13 Bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA

TLR: Toll-like receptor, GPI: glycosylphosphatidylinositol, ds: double-stranded, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, RSV: respiratory syncytial virus, MMTV: mouse mammary tumor virus, HSPs: heat shock proteins, ss: single-stranded, CpG: cytosine-guanosine.

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