Journal List > J Korean Acad Oral Health > v.37(3) > 1057561

Kim, Min, Kwon, and Kim: Analysis of the erosive effects of children’s beverages using a pH-cycling model

Abstract

Objectives

The aims of this in vitro study were (1) to assess the erosive potential of several children’s beverages in comparison to cola and orange juice, by using an in vitro pH-cycling model, and (2) to investigate the factors related to dental erosion caused by the beverages.

Methods

Eight different children’s beverages (Chorongi, Capri-sun, Grateful nature wisdom, I-kicker, Koal-koal koala, My friend pororo, Qoo, and Strong zzanggu), Cola, and an orange juice, which are available in the Korean market, were used. To characterize each test beverage, the pH, titratable acidity to pH 7.0, concentration of calcium and phosphorus, and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (DSHAP) were analyzed. Erosive potential of the test beverages was assessed by the depth of enamel loss observed in specimens subjected to pH cycling for 8 days. This cycle consisted of exposure to each beverage for 20 min, thrice daily, and to a remineralizing solution every day. The correlation between the depth of the enamel loss and the chemical properties of the beverages was assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression tests (P<0.05).

Results

The depth of enamel loss caused by the beverages was found to vary from 0.11 to 105.47 μm. Enamel loss with all the children’s beverages tested was lesser compared to that with Cola (P<0.05) but was similar or greater than that with orange juice, except in one beverage. The pH, concentration of calcium, and DSHAP were significantly correlated with the depth of enamel loss (r=―0.842, r=―0.796, and r=―0.867, respectively; P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that pH and concentration of calcium were impact variables for the erosive potential of test beverages (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The children’s beverages tested had lower erosive potential than Coca Cola, but five (I-kiker, Grateful nature wisdom, Qoo, Capri-sun, and Chorongi) of them had higher erosive potential than orange juice. Moreover, among the chemical properties of beverages, significant factors affecting enamel loss were pH value and concentration of calcium.

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Table 1
Control beverages and experimental children’s beverages sed in this study
Brand name Flavour Manufacturer
Coca-cola* - Coca Cola Korea
Tropicana orange juice e* Orange Lotte Chilsung
Chorongi Grape Woong-Jin
Capri-sun Alaska icetea Nong-Shim
Grateful nature wisdom m Apple & Carrot t Woong-Jin
-kicker Orange Korea Jinseng Corporation
Koal-koal koala Grape & Apple Delmont
My friend pororo Tropical fruit Cowell F&B Incorporation
Qoo Grape Coca Cola Korea
Strong zzanggu - Cho-A Pharm

Control beverages. Experimental children’s beverages.

Table 2.
Baseline pH, titratable acidity to pH 7.0, concentration of Ca and P, and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite measured for test beverages
Beverages pH TA (mmol/l) Ca (mmol/l) P (mmol/l) DSHAP
Coca-cola 2.41 9.00 0.24 (0.00) 5.20 (0.04) 9.48×10-4
Tropicana orange juice 3.71 126.83 1.88 (0.01) 5.72 (0.05) 3.03×10-2
Chorongi 2.80 24.17 0.11 (0.00) 0.36 (0.00) 5.87×10-4
Capri-sun 2.75 40.83 0.42 (0.01) 0.30 (0.00) 1.02×10-3
Grateful nature wisdom 3.55 34.33 0.42 (0.00) 1.22 (0.02) 6.83×10-3
I-kicker* 3.44 39.00 1.50 (0.01) 1.09 (0.00) 1.04×10-2
Koal-koal koala* 3.46 37.00 5.61 (0.02) 0.26 (0.00) 1.24×10-2
My friend pororo* 3.62 36.50 5.03 (0.04) 1.28 (0.03) 2.64×10-2
Qoo* 3.19 38.00 6.14 (0.01) 0.44 (0.00) 9.38×10-3
Strong zzanggu* 3.69 34.00 10.68 (0.15) 0.07 (0.00) 1.56×10-2

TA, Ca, and P-values indicate mean values (standard deviations). TA, titratable acidity to pH 7.0; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; DSHAP, degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite. *Presence of calcium additives, as indicated by the manufacturer.

Table 3.
The mean values of depths of enamel loss determined by non-contact interferometer after pH-cycling for 8 days
Beverages Depth of enamel loss Mean (SD)
Strong zzanggu 0.11 (0.07)a
Koal-koal koala 12.44 (3.56)b
My friend pororo 14.06 (4.38)b
Tropicana orange juice 17.79 (3.91)b
I-kicker 31.87 (3.98)c
Grateful nature wisdom 33.40 (4.10)c,d
Qoo 40.67 (6.63)d
Capri-sun 62.03 (9.23)e
Chorongi 74.60 (12.86)e
Coca-cola 105.47 (14.98)f
P-value <0.0001

Mean values (standard deviation) derived from 11 samples of Strong Zzanggu and Capri-sun, and from 12 samples of the rest of 10 beverages

a Different superscript letters denote significant differences between groups by Games-Howell post hoc test (P<0.05).

Table 4.
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between depth of enamel loss and chemical properties of test beverages
Chemical properties Rho coefficient P-value
pH ―0.842 0.002
Ca concentration ―0.796 0.006
P concentration 0.285 0.425
TA ―0.236 0.511
DSHAP ―0.867 0.001

Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; TA, titratable acidity to pH 7.0; DSHAP, degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite.

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